The Structure of the Synaptonemal Complexes in Meiocytes of European Domestic Goose (Anser anser)

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure which binds two homologues during prophase of the first meiotic division and assures the correct course of genetic recombination. The demonstration and identification of SCs in European domestic goose Anser anser was the aim of the current research. Standard techniques of SC identification do not allow for an analysis of their molecular structure. In meiotic cells of one-day-old nestlings and 17-week-old geese the haploid number of bivalents, darkly stained kinetochores and subtelomeric regions may be evidence for the presence of SCs. Experimental chromosome staining with the DAPI fluorochrome permitted the observation of the characteristic ladder-like structure of SCs and the course of synapsis formation within homologues from early leptotene to their degradation in late pachytene. The detailed molecular structure of synaptonemal complexes can be analysed with an electron or scanning microscope only. Because the bivalent is a direct result of the complex's presence, in the literature the presence of bivalents is equivalent to the term "synaptonemal complex". However, the bivalent and the SC are two different structures

Kompleksy synaptonemalne

Genetic recombination is the main cause of changeability of different organisms. Synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure which controls correct course of coniugation and the frequency of crossing over. It binds chromosomes into the biwalents. This structure consists of central element (CE) and two lateral elements (LE) related to the chromatin. There are observed ovale structures between lateral elements called recombination nodules (RNs). Recombination nodules are multienzimatic complexes, which catalize DSBs (Doubble Strand Breakes) and crossing over process. Synaptonemal complex is very important in meiosis pairing, but there are several taksons which do not form this structure, for example D. melanogaster male. Interesting modifications of synaptonemal comlexes are observed in heterohromosomes, which show slight homology, like the ZW pair in birds or some insects. A few organizms, such as eutherian mammals, form Danse Plate between heterochromosomes instead SC. There is observed interlocking during pairing sometimes, when chromosome or bivalent stuck between another pair of homologs. There are also observed in many organisms policomlexes consisting of synaptonemal's complex elements. In most events immunostaining metods are used to test function and structure of synaptonemal's complex elements

Comparison analysis of newborn birthing with vaginal delivery and cesarean section

Introduction: Most of them perceive a vaginal delivery as morbid, painful, often complicated. Fear of pain, fear of a child, negative experiences associated with a previous birth and the opinions of relatives often contribute to the termination of pregnancy through cesarean section without medical indications “cesarean section on demand”. The aim of the study was to compare the state of newborns born with vaginal delivery with newborns born through caesarean section.  Methods: The research was carried out in January 2018 at the District Hospital in Węgrów (Poland) at the Neonatology Department. 47 consecutive newborns of the Neonatological Department born in January 2018, were included in the study.  Results: The study group consisted of 47 newborns — 27 (57%) newborns were enrolled in the group of neonates born via caesarean section. The termination of pregnancy occurred usually at week 39 (± 1), and the average age of the maternal mothers is 30 years (± 5). The child’s weight is 3622g (± 523), umbilical cord pH 7.359 (± 0.052). Maternal age does not seem to have a significant impact on the type of delivery in the case of caesarean section, the average age is 29 years (± 6), in terms of childbirth, the mother’s age is 30 years (± 6).  Conclusions: In conclusion, our data indicate that: (1) The average weight of neonates born via caesarean section is higher than the postnatal weight of newborns from vaginal delivery; (2) There is a relationship between the mother’s age and the pH value of umbilical cord blood and postnatal weight of the child; (3) Transient and vomiting are more common in neonates born by caesarean section in the adaptive period; (4) The type of delivery does not affect the pH of umbilical cord blood of a newborn.

Experimental study of smog microphysical and optical vertical structure in the Silesian Beskids, Poland

This study presents the vertical profiles of aerosol optical and microphysical properties obtained from cable car and ground-based measurements in the Silesian Beskids, Poland. The data were collected during a measurement campaign between 25 February and March 11, 2018. An AE-51 micro-aethalometer and PMS7003 and OPC-N2 optical particle counters were mounted on the cable car and used to measure the profiles of equivalent of black carbon (eBC) concentration and aerosol size distribution. In situ measurements of the optical properties of the aerosols were obtained using an AE-31 aethalometer and photoacoustic devices. A prototype lidar was used to determine the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the aerosol layers. In the middle phase of the study (1–6 March 2018), significant night-time temperature inversions were observed. During the inversion period, the parameters describing the amount of aerosols in the air increased significantly. The concentration of eBC exceeded the level of 15 μg/m3 several times, with an average level of 5.39 ± 4.42 μg/m3. Conversely, the results obtained in the first and third phases of the experiment were at the level of the aerosol background, being 1.45 ± 0.88 μg/m3 and 0.90 ± 0.95 μg/m3, respectively. Significant differences were also observed in the vertical profiles of PM10 mass and eBC concentration. In the middle phase of the study, the profiles showed a significant reduction in the concentration of pollutants with height, while in the first and third phases, there were slight variations with height

Synaptonemal complexes

Genetic recombination is the main cause of changeability of different organisms. Synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure which controls correct course of coniugation and the frequency of crossing over. It binds chromosomes into the biwalents. This structure consists of central element (CE) and two lateral elements (LE) related to the chromatin. There are observed ovale structures between lateral elements called recombination nodules (RNs). Recombination nodules are multienzimatic complexes, which catalize DSBs (Doubble Strand Breakes) and crossing over process. Synaptonemal complex is very important in meiosis pairing, but there are several taksons which do not form this structure, for example D. melanogaster male. Interesting modifications of synaptonemal comlexes are observed in heterohromosomes, which show slight homology, like the ZW pair in birds or some insects. A few organizms, such as eutherian mammals, form Danse Plate between heterochromosomes instead SC. There is observed interlocking during pairing sometimes, when chromosome or bivalent stuck between another pair of homologs. There are also observed in many organisms policomlexes consisting of synaptonemal's complex elements. In most events immunostaining metods are used to test function and structure of synaptonemal's complex elements