The Determinants of Trust in Food Safety from the Perspective of Generation Z Students

Theoretical background: Trust plays an important role in market relations and is a valuable bridge between the consumer and the producer. Given the importance of food, trust in its safety certainly plays a key role. There are many determinants affecting food safety trust. Due to its growing role in society, Generation Z (Gen Z) and its views on the subject should be taken into account. All the more so because this generation is skeptical, cautious, and sensitive in economic, environmental, cognitive, and social terms. Purpose of the article: The objective of the study is to identify the determinants of trust in food safety among Polish students representing Gen Z consumers. A subsidiary objective is to identify whether trust in food safety is influenced by their socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics. Research methods: A face-to-face survey method was used and 374 respondents were participating in the study. The influence of twelve determinants on trust in food safety was assessed. Cronbach’s alpha statistics were used to assess the questionnaire scale’s reliability. The KMO index (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were applied to know the appropriateness of performing factor analysis. To simplify and reduce the number of sources of confidence in food safety identified in the study, a factor analysis was conducted using the principal components method and Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. To find the relationship between sociodemographic variables and the studied variables multiple regression was applied. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29. Main findings: The reliability of the questionnaire used in the study has been confirmed. We distinguished three groups of determinants influencing food safety trust, and these are: “Place of food production and sale”, “The way of food production and supervision”, and “External socio-economic environment”. This type of classification can be considered our original contribution to the study, as well as the fact that among the individual determinants analyzed, we identified those with the highest importance in building food safety trust. These are the country of origin, the requirements of the country’s legal and market system as well as the activities of consumer and producer organizations. It was shown that socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics play a role in perceptions of product safety and in inducing trust in food safety

SYSTEMY ZARZĄDZANIA JAKOŚCIĄ NA LOTNISKACH

Odpowiedni poziom bezpieczeństwa uzyskuje się dzięki podjęciu różnych działań, w tym wdrożeniu systemu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem usług. Podnoszenie tej poprzeczki jest niezmiernie ważne, ponieważ konkurencja pomiędzy portami lotniczymi jest wielka. Celem pracy jest ukazanie systemów zarządzania jakością w portach lotniczych. Zastosowano metodę krytycznego przeglądu literatury oraz studium przypadku.  Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa wymaga spełnienia wymagań prawnych oraz wdrożenia systemów zarządzania w obszarze bezpieczeństwa i jakości świadczonych usług. Jest to niezmiernie ważne ze względu na to, że transport lotniczy jest coraz powszechniej stosowanym środkiem transportu. Wprowadzanie systemów zarządzania pomaga w utrzymaniu bezpieczeństwa na odpowiednim poziomie oraz pozyskiwaniu nowych klientów.  W pracy opisano systemy funkcjonujące w Międzynarodowym Porcie Lotniczym Katowice w Pyrzowicach.Słowa kluczowe: systemy zarządzania jakością, port lotniczy

Just Culture Maturity Assessment Tool and Its Application in Medium-Sized Food Company in Poland

Theoretical background: Ensuring food safety requires the development of an appropriate food safety culture, including its important subculture – just culture (JC). JC is a fair, proportional, and transparent way in which individuals are held accountable for errors. JC in the food sector is an element of food safety culture and is one in which all employees within a food company are encouraged to provide and feel comfortable providing food safety-related information. It is an atmosphere of trust in which food handlers are convinced they will be treated fairly based on their actions rather than the outcome of those actions, in the case of positive, as well as negative food safety. No approach for the food sector for measuring this phenomenon is seen in the literature. Purpose of the article: The article aims to present a proposal for a tool for assessing just culture in a food company and to discuss the results of empirical validation of this tool in a selected organization. Research methods: A literature review was conducted to identify tools for measuring JC in different industries. The primary research method was a case study, including a documentation analysis, based on the READ approach. The just culture maturity assessment tool (JCMAT) used by the company was statistically verified. To interpret the results, the so-called Enlighten 4C Food Safety Culture model was applied. Main findings: The JCMAT has proven to be a reliable tool for exploring JC maturity. A set of dimensions were proposed to constitute JC. The surveyed organization has reached the “awakening” maturity level. Socio-demographic characteristics did not have a major impact on respondents’ opinions about the JCMAT statements

FOOD SAFETY CULTURE ASSESSMENT. SARS-CoV-2 PERSPECTIVE

This paper investigates the phenomenon of food safety culture (FSC) from the perspective of SARS-CoV-2-related hazards. The importance of FSC in the context of organizational culture, and its role in strengthening the quality and food safety management system were explained. The aim of the article is to propose the tool to measure and assess the level FSC concerning the risk connected with SARS-CoV-2 contamination. The SARS-CoV-2-based FSC assessment tool have been developed and the reliability of this tools have been confirmed. It was possible to identify the overall and the partial FSC levels in seafood company and to show which variables most significantly affect the employees behavior, and beliefs against food safety, and based on that areas for further improvement. The tool propsed by us may be applied by various food entities, especially those interested in meeting the mandatory requirements contained in the current EU food law

Consumer handling of fresh fruit prior to consumption

Celem pracy było poznanie deklaracji konsumentów dotyczących postępowania z owocami przed spożyciem oraz określenie zmienności zachowań w zależności od cech społeczno demograficznych konsumentów i czasu, a także wskazanie czynników wpływających na jakość i bezpieczeństwo owoców w drodze od miejsca zakupu do konsumpcji. Analizę wykonano na podstawie wyników badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2003 i 2007 wśród konsumentów w Lublinie. Stwierdzono, że przed spożyciem konsumenci najczęściej krótko myją owoce w wodzie, a rzadziej myją i kilkakrotnie płuczą lub obierają ze skórki. Cechy społeczno-demograficzne konsumentów istotnie wpływają na skalę zmienności deklaracji dotyczących częstości stosowania wymienionych zabiegów. W latach 2003 i 2007 zwyczaje konsumentów dotyczące stosowania zabiegów higienicznych przed spożyciem owoców nie zmieniły się istotnie.The paper had the following objectives: - to identify, on the basis of the consumers’ own declarations, how they handle fresh fruit prior to eating it; - to determine variations in their behaviours depending on their socio-demographic features and time; - and to specify factors impacting the quality and safety of fresh fruit while transferring is from the place of purchase to the place of consumption. The analysis was carried out based of the results of questionnaire survey conducted among the consumers in the city of Lublin during the years 2003 and 2007. It was found that the consumers used to wash fresh fruit with water only for a short time before they ate them; they rarely washed and rinsed fresh fruit more than once, or infrequently peeled it. The socio-demographic features of the consumers polled significantly impacted the scale of variations in their declarations referring to the frequency of using the above treatments. In the years 2003 and 2007, the consumer behaviours linked with the use of hygiene treatments before eating fresh fruit did not significantly change

Fruit quality as assessed by consumers

Produkty żywnościowe oferowane konsumentom powinny być wysokiej jakości, a przede wszystkim bezpieczne dla zdrowia. Zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa zostały uregulowane w prawie żywnościowym Unii Europejskiej. Znajdują one odzwierciedlenie także w preferencjach konsumentów. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu wybranych cech socjodemograficznych na opinie dotyczące jakości owoców. Stwierdzono, że bezpieczeństwo, obok smaku, świeżości, wartości zdrowotnej i apetycznego wyglądu jest najważniejszą cechą jakości owoców. Cechy te są również ważnymi czynnikami wyboru owoców. W opinii większości ankietowanych zakup owoców wiąże się z ryzykiem braku świeżości, obecności w opakowaniu owoców zepsutych oraz pozostałości środków ochrony roślin. Mycie owoców, ich obieranie i zakupy w sprawdzonym miejscu pozwalają zmniejszyć zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa owoców. Wskazane przez konsumentów rodzaje zagrożeń związanych z zakupem owoców powinny stanowić cenną wskazówkę dla producentów i pozostałych ogniw łańcucha dystrybucyjnego, którzy są zainteresowani wzrostem sprzedaży i spożycia owoców.Food products offered to consumers should be of high quality, and, first of all, safe for health. Health safety issues have been settled by and included in the EU food law. Those issues are also mirrored in consumer preferences. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of some selected sociodemographic characteristics on the opinions referring to the quality of fruits. It was found that, in addition to taste, the most important features of fruit quality are: freshness, healthful values, and appetizing appearance. Those attributes are also important fruit selection criteria. In the opinion of the majority of respondents, the hazards involved in the purchase of fruits comprise the lack of freshness and the presence of spoiled fruits and pesticide residues inside the packages. To reduce the fruit safety hazards, the fruits should be washed, peeled, and, also, purchased in proven places. Those fruit purchase-related hazards indicated by the consumers should constitute a valuable guidance for producers and other elements of the entire distribution chain interested in increasing the purchase and consumption of fruits

Choice of place of fruit purchase depending on socio-economic and demographic features of consumers Wybór miejsca zakupu owoców w zależności od cech demograficznych i społeczno-ekonomicznych konsumentów

The purpose of the paper was to establish influence of some consumer features like sex, age, education, income, type of family and source of income for declaration of the place of fruit purchase, reasons of choice of the place of fruit purchase and changeability of consumer preferences between years 2002 and 2006. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the data from questionnaire studies carried out among the inhabitants of Lublin in the years 2002, 2003 and 2006. Results of the studies point out that the consumers’ demographic and socio-economic features significantly differentiated preferences concerning the choice of the place of apple and citrus fruit purchase and had no effect on the place pf seasonal fruits purchase. Term of studies was significantly influenced by preferences concerning place of apples and seasonal fruits purchase. Place of citrus fruit purchase did not significantly change in the analysed period

Długookresowe tendencje w produkcji i konsumpcji jabłek w Polsce, Europie i na świecie

Apples are in many countries dominant species of fruit both in production and consumption. Trends in consumption of these fruits are important indicators for producers. The aim of this study was to determine long term changes in the production and consumption of apples in Poland, Europe and different regions of the world. The basis for the analysis were secondary FAO data. The dynamics of changes of these variables, the trend and the relationship between production and consumption of apples in different regions of the world were determined. On the basis of the analysis, it was found that the production and consumption of apples in the EU in the long term are quite stable. Globally, during the analyzed period, the highest increase in apple production was seen in Asia and Africa. In Poland in the years 1961–2010, apple production increased by 559%, and in the following years there was a rapid increase in production to a level of 3.1 million tones in 2013, while the consumption of apples increased of only over 133%.Jabłka są w wielu krajach dominującym gatunkiem owoców zarówno w produkcji, jak i w konsumpcji. Tendencje w konsumpcji tych owoców są ważną wskazówką dla producentów. Celem pracy było określenie zmian w produkcji i konsumpcji jabłek w długim okresie w Polsce, Europie i różnych regionach świata. Podstawą do przeprowadzenia analiz były dane wtórne FAO. Określono dynamikę zmian tych wielkości, trend oraz współzależności pomiędzy produkcją a konsumpcją jabłek w różnych regionach świata. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że produkcja i konsumpcja jabłek w UE w długim okresie są dość stabilne. W skali świata w analizowanym okresie produkcja i konsumpcja jabłek najbardziej wzrosła w Azji i Afryce. W Polsce w latach 1961–2010 produkcja jabłek wzrosła o 559%, a w kolejnych latach zanotowano bardzo gwałtowny wzrost produkcji do poziomu 3,1 mln ton w 2013 r., natomiast spożycie jabłek wzrosło tylko o ponad 133%