Effect of seed density on foraging time (A), pecking rate (B) and intake rate (C).

<p>Untransformed data are presented in the figure.</p

Effect of seed density on foraging time.

<p>Black histograms represent males and white histograms represent females. Vertical bars show standard errors. Bare labelled with different letters are significantly different (p≤0.005).</p

Average time (seconds) spent moving under vigilant posture.

<p>Black histograms represent males and white histograms represent females. Only results obtained for a seed density of 1600/m² were representing. Vertical bars show standard errors. Bare labelled with different letters are significantly different (p≤0.005).</p

Explanatory and response variables entered into models for the foraging time, intake and pecking rates studies.

<p>Explanatory and response variables entered into models for the foraging time, intake and pecking rates studies.</p

Cover height effect on foraging time (A), pecking rate (B) and intake rate (C).

<p>Black histograms represent males and white histograms represent females. Bar labelled with different letters are significantly different (p≤0.005).</p

MtDNA genetic diversity and structure of Eurasian Collared Dove (<i>Streptopelia decaocto</i>)

<div><p>The Eurasian Collared Dove (<i>Streptopelia decaocto</i>) is one of the most successful biological invaders among terrestrial vertebrates. However, little information is available on the genetic diversity of the species. A total of 134 Eurasian Collared Doves from Europe, Asia and the Caribbean (n = 20) were studied by sequencing a 658-bp length of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Fifty-two different haplotypes and relatively high haplotype and nucleotide diversities (H<i>d</i>±SD = 0.843±0.037 and π±SD = 0.026±0.013) were detected. Haplotype Ht1 was particularly dominant: it included 44.03% of the studied individuals, and contained sequences from 75% of the studied countries. Various analyses (F_ST, AMOVA, STRUCTURE) distinguished 2 groups on the genetic level, designated ‘A’ and ‘B’. Two groups were also separated in the median-joining network and the maximum likelihood tree. The results of the neutrality tests were negative (Fu <i>F</i>_<i>S</i> = -25.914; Tajima <i>D</i> = -2.606) and significantly different from zero (<i>P</i>≤0.001) for group A, whereas both values for group B were positive (Fu <i>F</i>_<i>S</i> = 1.811; Tajima <i>D =</i> 0.674) and not significant (<i>P</i>>0.05). Statistically significant positive autocorrelation was revealed among individuals located up to 2000 km apart (r = 0.124; P = 0.001). The present results provide the first information on the genetic diversity and structure of the Eurasian Collared Dove, and can thereby serve as a factual and comparative basis for similar studies in the future.</p></div

Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree phylogeny based on the joint (present and Genbank sequences) data set from the mtDNA COI region of <i>Streptopelia decaocto</i>.

<p>Numbers above the branches refer to NJ bootstrap values. Brackets highlight the two genetic groups. <i>Phasianus colchicus</i> (JN850750.1) was used as outgroup.</p

Populations assigned for examination of divergence between populations.

<p>Populations assigned for examination of divergence between populations.</p

Median-joining network based on the joint data set (present and GenBank sequences) from mtDNA COI region of <i>Streptopelia decaocto</i>.

<p>The Figure contains original as well as published sequences. Each circle represents a haplotype with the size proportional to the frequency of collapsed sequences. Solid branches connecting circles represent nucleotide changes among haplotypes. Numbers on branches represent the number of mutational steps between haplotypes. Absence of numbers is equivalent to a single mutational event. Colours and patterns within circles illustrate the relative frequencies of sequences from different geographic areas.</p

Sample size (n), total number of haplotypes (Ht), number of polymorphisms (NP), haplotype diversity (H<i>d</i>± SD) and nucleotide diversity (π ± SD) observed in <i>S</i>. <i>decaocto</i>.

<p>Sample size (n), total number of haplotypes (Ht), number of polymorphisms (NP), haplotype diversity (H<i>d</i>± SD) and nucleotide diversity (π ± SD) observed in <i>S</i>. <i>decaocto</i>.</p