Least-squares means of the instantaneous rate of increase (<i>r_i</i>) and total number of aphids per plant after 21 days following infestation of <i>M. persicae</i> on to potato plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid in a greenhouse.

a<p>Data were square root transformed before analysis. Backtransformed means are presented. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (LSD, α = 0.05). SEM values are not backtransformed.</p

Regression parameters of model-fitting hormetic responses (G₀, G₁ fecundity and <i>r_i</i>) in <i>M. persicae</i> exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.

a<p><i>b,</i> steepness of the curve after the maximal hormetic effect; <i>d</i>, untreated control; <i>e,</i> lower bound on the ED50 level; <i>f,</i> rate of stimulation; RSE, residual standard error; <i>df,</i> degrees of freedom. In the model, <i>c</i> was set to zero and α set at 0.25 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074532#pone.0074532-Cedergreen1" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p>b<p>denotes fecundity of <i>M. persicae</i> adults continuously exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. G₀ is initial generation, G₁ is progeny of G₀.</p>c<p>data were square-root transformed before analysis.</p>d<p><i>r_i</i> is the instantaneous rate of increase of a <i>M. persicae</i> population exposed to low-dose imidacloprid treated potato plants.</p

Least-squares means of multigenerational fecundity^a following two-day exposure of <i>M. persicae</i> to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.

a<p>24 h old nymphs were placed on treated potato leaf discs and fecundity of each resulting adult was recorded every 2 days until it died. In the succeeding generation, 5 randomly selected 24 h old nymphs were tracked and fecundity of the resulting adults was recorded every 2 days until they died. G₀ is initial generation, G₁ is progeny of G₀, G₂ is progeny of G₁, and G₃ is progeny of G₂. G₀ nymphs were exposed to treated discs for two days and all aphids were thereafter exposed to untreated leaf discs.</p>b<p>Progeny per adult data were log transformed before analysis. Backtransformed means are presented. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (LSD, α = 0.05). SEM values are not backtransformed.</p>c<p>Mean total number of nymphs produced over four generations.</p>d<p>G₀ nymphs did not survive to adulthood when treated with 25 µg L⁻¹. This concentration was not included in the analysis.</p

Multigenerational effects of low doses of imidacloprid on aphids.

<p>Multigenerational effects of continuous exposure to sublethal concentration of imidacloprid on the (A) longevity and (B) length of adult <i>M. persicae.</i></p

Least-squares means of multigenerational fecundity^a following continuous exposure of <i>M. persicae</i> to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.

a<p>24 h old nymphs were placed on treated potato leaf discs and fecundity of each resulting adult was recorded every 2 days until it died. In the succeeding generation, 5 randomly selected 24 h old nymphs were tracked and fecundity of the resulting adults was recorded every 2 days until they died. G₀ is initial generation, G₁ is progeny of G₀, G₂ is progeny of G₁, and G₃ is progeny of G₂. Leaf discs were replaced every two days over all generations.</p>b<p>Progeny per adult data were log transformed before analysis. Backtransformed means are presented. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (LSD, α = 0.05). SEM values are not backtransformed.</p>c<p>Mean total number of nymphs produced over four generations.</p

PeerJ RawData

PeerJ RawDat

Least-squares means of two-generational fecundity^a following topical exposure of <i>M. persicae</i> to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.

a<p>24 h old nymphs were topically treated and thereafter reared on untreated potato leaf discs. Fecundity of each resulting adult was recorded every 2 days until it died. In the succeeding generation, 5 randomly selected 24 h old nymphs were tracked and fecundity of the resulting adults was recorded every 2 days until they died. G₀ is initial generation, G₁ is progeny of G₀.</p>b<p>Progeny per adult data were log transformed before analysis. Backtransformed means are presented. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (LSD, α = 0.05). SEM values are not backtransformed.</p>c<p>Mean total number of nymphs produced over four generations.</p

Hormesis model-fitting of low doses of imidacloprid on fecundity and <i>r_i</i> of aphids.

<p>Four-parameter biphasic model <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074532#pone.0074532-Cedergreen1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for reproductive hormetic responses of <i>M. persicae</i> in an initial (A) and second (B) generation when continuously exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on potato leaf discs, and (C) the instantaneous rate of increase (<i>r_i</i>) of <i>M. persicae</i> populations developing on whole potato plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. * indicates data were square-root transformed before analysis.</p