Poland's 2011 Online Election Campaign: New Tools, New Professionalism, New Ways to Win Votes

This article analyzes the use of the online environment within the context of the Polish parliamentary election of 2011. Using traditional methods of content analysis, we find that parties tend to adhere to a professionalized model of campaigning, and adapting online tools to suit the objectives of the campaign. There also appears to be a recognition that their most likely visitors to these online presences would be converts, and so they attempt to mobilize supporters rather than convert browsers. New parties and candidates are more likely to target browsers, with the latter offering a more personalized experience to online visitors. Importantly, when analyzing the outcome of the contest, we find that being online matters for candidates when controlling for all other variables. Equally, the reach the candidate has, which may well influence their vote share, is dependent on offering a more personalized, representational image and having a frequently updated online presence that should encourage repeat visits. Cumulatively, we suggest the future of online campaigning must not only focus on having a presence, but on using it in a way that appeals to a range of visitors, encouraging repeat visits, and that this strategy could have a positive impact on election outcomes. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Genetic diversity of the black pine's stands [Pinus nigra] Arn.

The purpose of our study was to analyse genetic diversity, species variability and the levels of genetic variation in 392 trees which come from 15 natural populations and 8 domestic provenances from the Kórnik and Niepołomice provenance trial. Isoenzymes from 12 enzyme systems were examined using starch gel (6 PGD, ACP, DIA, FEST, G6PD, GDH, GOT, IDH, MDH, ME, PGI, SKDH). Among domestic populations, provenance Stary Kraków exhibited the highest level and provenance Wschowa – the lowest level of genetic diversity. The genetic similarity index calculations were based on Nei and Hedrick index. Results were presented as dendograms of genetic distances. The dendrograms revealed that the Krosno provenance is genetically similar to ssp. laricio while the remaining provenances under analysis may have represented ssp. austriaca