Određivanje kadmija u vinu atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom

The objective of the present investigation was to develop a bilayer-floating tablet (BFT) for captopril using direct compression technology. HPMC, K-grade and effervescent mixture of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate formed the floating layer. The release layer contained captopril and various polymers such as HPMC-K15M, PVP-K30 and Carbopol 934p, alone or in combination with the drug. The floating behavior and in vitro dissolution studies were carried out in a USP 23 apparatus 2 in simulated gastric fluid (without enzyme, pH 1.2). Final formulation released approximately 95% drug in 24 h in vitro, while the floating lag time was 10 min and the tablet remained floatable throughout all studies. Final formulation followed the Higuchi release model and showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, floatability or in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 45 oC/75% RH for three months. Placebo formulation containing barium sulphate in the release layer administered to human volunteers for in vivo X-ray studies showed that BFT had significantly increased the gastric residence time.Opisana je izravna metoda određivanja kadmija u uzorcima vina elektrotermičkom atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom (ETAAS). Za atomizaciju su upotrebljene pirolitičke grafitne cjevčice i grafitne cjevčice sa standardnom pirolitičkom platformom po L’vovu. Granica određivanja bila je 0,08 microg L1 kadmija. Relativna standardna devijacija za koncentracijsko područje od 0,2 do 10 g L-1 bila je između 1 i 7%. Točnost metode potvrđena je usporedbom rezultata s rezultatima dobivenih iz vlažno digeriranih uzoraka i spiked uzoraka. Pomoću ove metode određeno je da se koncentracija kadmija u makedonskim vinima kreće u rasponu od 0,10 do 0,90 microg L-1

Green manure as a Tool of organic produced potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Amorosa)

During September 2003 to August 2004 has been done study with winter common vetch Vicia sativa L. cv. MS Sirmium as pre-culture of followed vegetables. After "green manure" practicing on the same plots were set up potato cv. Amorosa. Soil samples were taken before common vetch sowing, after its decomposition and carrot. Carrot quality was established through chemical analyzing of total and soluble carbohydrates, vitamin C and proteins compared with control. Resulted by "green manure" soil humus, soil nitrogen, light available soil phosphorous and potassium are larger. After Ist gathering potato dimensions are characterized with increased average dimensions, yield per plant and yield in total as well. Total carbohydrate content at manure plots is amounted 17.02 %/100 mg d.m. that means 33.45 %/100 g d.m. increasing compared with control ones, while soluble content is 3.24 %/100 g d.m. and recorded 11.72%/100 g d.m. even. Protein content is increased for 4.22 %/100 g d.m. at green manure plots, differs of vitamin C content that is not higher compared with control and corresponded with literature data. Analyzed parameters are increased as result of potato tendency of soil potassium using

Green manure as a way of organic produced carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantes)

During October 2003 to August 2004 has been study with winter common vetch Vicia satiua L. cv. NS Sirmium. Early spring plowing of plots and "green manure" practicing enabled soil organic fertilization. On the same plots were set up carrot cv. Nantes compared with control. Soil samples were taken before common vetch sowing, after its decomposition and first carrot gathering. Carrot quality is evaluated through chemical analyzing of carbohydrates, protein and vitamin C content. Resulted of "green manuring" soil humus, nitrogen, light available phosphorous and potassium were larger. Number of carrot plants (39.27). dimensions (20.75 cmx2.07 cm), weight (59.88 g) and extracted sap (22.18 ml per plant) after Ist gathering are an average increased and yield per plant as well yield in total. Except extracted sap all investigated mentioned parameters were continue gained after the 2nd gathering (23.22 cmx2.69-dimensions. 62.44 g-weight. 18.45-extracted sap). Carbohydrate content is higher at organic produced carrot (20.15 %/100 g d.m.-total; 7.48 %/100 g d.m). protein either less as well (10.56 %/100 g d.m) and vitamin C significantly 3.41 %/100 g f.m then control 2.47 %/100 g f.m

Copper monitoring in vineyard soils of the Tikvesh region, North Macedonia

This research studies the copper contents in vineyard soils under vineyards affected by the long-term use of copper-based fungicides and evaluates the extent of this influence on the super accumulation in the main viniculture growing regions in North Macedonia. The soil samples were taken from individual vineyards located in the Tikvesh region, from two depths: 0-30 and 30-60 cm. At the same time, control samples were collected from each of the visited sites. The control samples were taken from untreated nearby locations under natural conditions in order to determine the background concentrations. The available copper (Cu) contents were analysed on soil samples taken from 100 locations, 50 of which represent vineyard soils (organic and conventional farming) and 50 control samples from nearby forests and sites. The main finding is that the average available copper concentrations are significantly higher in soils under vineyards, compared to the background concentration in control samples, especially in these with organic farming where the use of coper-based fungicides is more intensive. A comparison of the copper contents in vineyards to the background concentrations of control samples clearly confirmed the anthropogenic influence. A significantly very high level of copper (10.70-18.77 mg/kg) was measured in the soil samples from organic farming. The control samples contained a significantly lower concentration of copper, between average 1.39-1.62 mg/kg (0-30 cm) and 0.68-0.88 mg/kg (30-60 cm). According to the micronutrient rating as related to a soil test with the DTPA extraction reagent (Jones, 2001) applied in this study, a significant potential ecological risk has been noticed in the agricultural soil samples (organic and conventional production)

Geochemistry of soil of Kavadarci and the environs

The results of a first systematic study of spatial distribution of different elements in surface soil over of the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia, known for its nickel industrial activity are reported. The investigated region (360 km2) is covered by a sampling grid of 2×2 km2; whereas the sampling grid of 1×1 km2 was applied in the urban zone and around the ferronickel smelter plant (117 km2). In total 344 soil samples from 172 locations were collected. At each sampling point soil samples were collected at two depths, topsoil (0–5 cm) and bottom soil (20–30 cm). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for the determinations of 36 elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mn, Na, Mg, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Tl, Ti, U, V, W and Zn). Data analysis and construction of maps were performed using the Paradox (ver. 9), Statistica (ver. 6.1), AutoDesk Map (ver. 2008) and Surfer (ver. 8.09) software. Four geogenic and three anthropogenic geochemical associations were established

Influence of grape cultivars and technological treatments on quality of grape brandies

The paper investigates the impact and the selection of grape varieties, as well as finding out, improvement and implementation of the most appropriate technological processes and production methods on the quality of strong alcoholic drinks from grape. We examined grape varieties such as Smederevka and Vranac that are present in Macedonia as well as table cultivar Afus Ali for brandy production. The intensities of the different types of the applied technologies in the production of three types of brandies: wine brandy, grape brandy and pomace brandy. In this context, we studied the effects of fine lees on quality of winebrandy, the impact of stem presence and time of distillation on the quality of grape and pomace brandy. Chemical and gas chromatographic analysis was performed and brandies were sensory evaluated. The effect of technological processes on the sensory characteristics was determined, as well

Distribution of cobalt in soil from Kavadarci and the environs

The results of the study of spatial distribution of cobalt in surface soil and subsoil over of the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia, are reported. From the investigated region (360 km2) in total 344 soil samples from 172 locations were collected. At each sampling point soil samples were collected at two depths, topsoil (0–5 cm) and subsoil soil (20–30 cm). Inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for the determination of cobalt. Data analysis and construction of the map were per- formed using the Paradox (ver. 9), Statistica (ver. 6.1), AutoDesk Map (ver. 2008) and Surfer (ver. 8.09) software. It was found that for both topsoil and subsoil the median and average values are 15 mg/kg, ranges between 6.7 and 58 mg/kg. The highest content of cobalt is present in the soil from the area of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks (Pz-Mz) on the western part of the investigated area and Flysch (E) – Eocene upper flysch zone (on the northern part) and the lowest in the soils from the Holocene alluvium of the rivers Crna Reka and Vardar. There are no significant differences between the surface and subsoil in terms of its average quan- tities. It was found that the critically high contents are related primarily to high contents of cobalt in the sam- pling points from the western part of the investigated region. The contents of cobalt are higher in subsoil than in topsoil from which it can be concluded that the occurrence is natural

Influence of Grape Cultivars and Technological Treatments on Quality of Grape Brandies

The paper investigates the impact and the selection of grape vari­eties, as well as finding out, improvement and implementation of the most appropriate technological processes and production methods on the quality of strong alcoholic drinks from grape. We examined  grape varieties such as Smederevka and Vranac that are present in Macedonia as well as table cultivar Afus Ali for brandy production. The intensities of the different types of the applied technologies in the production of three types of brandies: wine brandy, grape brandy and pomace brandy. In this context, we studied the effects of fine lees on quality of winebrandy, the impact of stem presence and time of distillation on the quality of grape and pomace brandy. Chemical and gas chromatographic analysis was performed and brandies were sensory evaluated. The effect of technological processes on the sensory characteristics was determined, as well.

Geochemical Atlas of Kavadarci and the Environs

The subject of this study is to present the results of a first systematic study of spatial distribution of different chemical elements in surface soil over of the Kavadarci region known for its ferro-nickel industrial activity in the nearest past.There were several investigation of soil, vegetables and fruits produced in this region known but they were mainly concerned with contamination by nickel, iron, cobalt and chromium. Other elements were not determined though it is known that the minerals of many other heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Sb, Se, etc.) are present in iron-nickel ores used for the production of nickel in the smelter plants. The study on the atmospheric deposition of trace metals over the entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia identified the most polluted areas and characterize different pollution sources. However, it was found that the most important sources of trace metal deposition are ferrous and non-ferrous smelters including the area of Kavadarci and its surroundings. For this reason, the goal of this work was to determine the content of 36 major and trace elements in the soil from the the town og Kavadarci and its surroundings and to assess the size of the ferronickel smelter plant situated near the town

Distribution of some elements in surface soil over the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia

The results of a first systematic study of spatial distribution of different elements in surface soil over of the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia, known for its nickel industrial activity are reported. The investigated region (360 km2) is covered by a sampling grid of 2 × 2 km2; whereas the sampling grid of 1 × 1 km2 was applied in the urban zone and around the ferronickel smelter plant (117 km2). In total 344 soil samples from 172 locations were collected. At each sampling point soil samples were collected at two depths, topsoil (0–5 cm) and bottom soil (20–30 cm). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for the determination of 36 elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mn, Na, Mg, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Tl, Ti, U, V, W and Zn). Data analysis and construction of maps were performed using the Paradox (ver. 9), Statistica (ver. 6.1), AutoDesk Map (ver. 2008) and Surfer (ver. 8.09) software. Four geogenic and three anthropogenic geochemical associations were established. Within the research, natural and anthropogenic enrichment with heavy metals was determined. Principally, the natural enrichment is related especially to Ni. Pollution by As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb and Zn is basically insignificant