Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Belgium

This paper investigates the long-term relationship between financial market development and economic development in Belgium. We use a new data set of stock market development indicators to argue that financial market development substantially affected economic growth. We find strong evidence that stock market development caused economic growth in Belgium, especially in the period between 1873 and 1935. Institutional changes affecting the stock exchange explain the time-varying nature of the link between stock market development and economic growth

Ultra-dense III-V-on-silicon nitride frequency comb laser

A heterogeneously integrated III-V-on-silicon nitride mode-locked laser is demonstrated. The device is fabricated by microtransfer printing an InP/InAlGaAs-based multiple-quantum-well coupon. A dense comb with a 755 MHz repetition rate, a 1 Hz ASE limited RF linewidth and a 200 kHz optical linewidth is achieved

A hybrid integration strategy for compact, broadband, and highly efficient millimeter-wave on-chip antennas

A novel hybrid integration strategy for compact, broadband, and highly efficient millimeter-wave (mmWave) on-chip antennas is demonstrated by realizing a hybrid on-chip antenna, operating in the [27.5-29.5] GHz band. A cavity-backed stacked patch antenna is implemented on a 600 mu m thick silicon substrate by using air-filled substrate-integrated-waveguide technology. A hybrid on-chip approach is adopted in which the antenna feed and an air-filled cavity are integrated on-chip, and the stacked patch configuration is implemented on a high-frequency printed circuit board (PCB) laminate that supports the chip. A prototype of the hybrid on-chip antenna is validated, demonstrating an impedance bandwidth of 3.7 GHz. In free-space conditions, a boresight gain of 7.3 dBi and a front-to-back ratio of 20.3 dB at 28.5GHz are achieved. Moreover, the antenna is fabricated using standard silicon fabrication techniques and features a total antenna efficiency above 90% in the targeted frequency band of operation. The high performance, in combination with the compact antenna footprint of 0.49 lambda(min) x 0.49 lambda(min), makes it an ideal building block to construct broadband antenna arrays with a broad steering range

III/V-on-lithium niobate amplifiers and lasers

We demonstrate electrically pumped, heterogeneously integrated lasers on thin-film lithium niobate, featuring electro-optic wavelength tunability. (C) 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreemen

Micro-transfer-printing for III-V/Si PICs

Micro-transfer-printing (µTP) enables the intimate integration of a variety of III-V opto-electronic components on silicon photonic integrated circuits (Si PICs). It allows for the scalable manufacturing of complex III-V/Si PICs at low cost

The network of interlocking directorates between international economic organizations (2004)

As many international economic issues are interrelated, the competences of international economic organizations are not always clear-cut and their activities inevitably overlap. In order to avoid mutual conflicts and to guarantee the well functioning of the international economic system, these organizations need to interact. Various institutional cooperation arrangements have been concluded in this respect. In this paper, we suggest that international economic organizations also interact in a second, more informal way: As many officials and representatives combine mandates in several organizations, they personally constitute a linkage between these organizations. We analyze the extent of overlapping appointments – also defined as interlocking directorates – between a limited selection of international economic organizations, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). We examine possible explanations and determinants of the interlocking directorates, and we also explore the importance of these interlocking directorates for the functioning of the resulting network of international economic organizations. We argue that the interlocking directorates probably enhance communication flows and strengthen mutual trust between the organizations, in that way stimulating the institutional cooperation and coordination between the international economic organizations.International economic organizations, Interlocking directorates, Interlocking directorships, Organizational networks

Hybrid modeling approach for mode-locked laser diodes with cavity dispersion and nonlinearity

Semiconductor-based mode-locked lasers, integrated sources enabling the generation of coherent ultra-short optical pulses, are important for a wide range of applications, including datacom, optical ranging and spectroscopy. As their performance remains largely unpredictable due to the lack of commercial design tools and the poorly understood mode-locking dynamics, significant research has focused on their modeling. In recent years, traveling-wave models have been favored because they can efficiently incorporate the rich semiconductor physics of the laser. However, thus far such models struggle to include nonlinear and dispersive effects of an extended passive laser cavity, which can play an important role for the temporal and spectral pulse evolution and stability. To overcome these challenges, we developed a hybrid modeling strategy by unifying the traveling-wave modeling technique for the semiconductor laser sections with a split-step Fourier method for the extended passive laser cavity. This paper presents the hybrid modeling concept and exemplifies for the first time the significance of the third order nonlinearity and dispersion of the extended cavity for a 2.6 GHz III-V-on-Silicon mode-locked laser. This modeling approach allows to include a wide range of physical phenomena with low computational complexity, enabling the exploration of novel operating regimes such as chip-scale soliton mode-locking