Clustering of comb and propolis waxes based on the distribution of aliphatic constituents

Chemical composition data for 41 samples of propolis waxes and 9 samples of comb waxes of Apis mellifera collected mainly in Brazil were treated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). For chemometrical analysis, the distribution of hydrocarbons and residues of alcohols and carboxylic acids of monoesters were considered. The clustering obtained revealed chemical affinities and differences not previously grasped by simple eye-inspection of the data. No consistent differences were detected between comb and propolis waxes. These and previous results suggest that hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, aliphatic alcohols and esters from both comb and propolis waxes are bee-produced compounds and, hence, the differences detected between one and another region are dependent on genetic factors related to the insects rather than the local flora. The samples analyzed were split into two main clusters, one of them comprising exclusively material collected in the State of São Paulo. The results are discussed with respect to the africanization of honeybees that first took place in that State and therefrom irradiated to other parts of Brazil.Os resultados obtidos com a análise química de 41 amostras de ceras de própolis e 9 amostras de ceras de favos de Apis mellifera, coletadas principalmente no Brasil, foram estudados usando Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Hierárquica de Grupos. Na análise quimiométrica foram consideradas a distribuição de hidrocarbonetos e de resíduos alcoólicos e ácidos de mono-ésteres. O dendrograma obtido revelou afinidades químicas e diferenças que não puderam ser constatadas com a simples inspeção visual dos dados. Nenhuma diferença consistente foi detectada entre ceras de própolis e de favos. Os resultados deste e de outros trabalhos sugerem que hidrocarbonetos, ácidos carboxílicos, álcoois alifáticos e ésteres das ceras de própolis e de favos são produzidos pelas abelhas e, portanto, as diferenças detectadas entre uma e outra região são mais dependentes de fatores genéticos relacionados aos insetos do que da flora local. As amostras analisadas reuniram-se segundo dois grandes agrupamentos, um deles contendo exclusivamente amostras coletadas no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados são discutidos levando em consideração o fato de que a africanização das abelhas teve início nesse estado, ocorrendo posteriormente a sua irradiação para outras partes do Brasil.354357Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting Of Propolis.

Crude ethanolic extracts of propolis, a natural resin, have been directly analysed using electrospray ionization mass (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in the negative ion mode. European, North American and African samples have been analyzed, but emphasis has been given to Brazilian propolis which displays diverse and region-dependent chemical composition. ESI-MS provides characteristic fingerprint mass spectra, with propolis samples being divided into well-defined groups directly related to their geographical origins. Chemometric multivariate analysis statistically demonstrates the reliability of the ESI-MS fingerprinting method for propolis. On-line ESI-MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry of characteristic [M - H](-) ion markers provides an additional dimension of fingerprinting selectivity, while structurally characterizing the ESI-MS marker components of propolis. By comparison with standards, eight such markers have been identified: para-coumaric acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran, 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, chrysin, pinocembrin, 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid. The negative mode ESI-MS fingerprinting method is capable of discerning distinct composition patterns to typify, to screen the sample origin and to reveal characteristic details of the more polar and acidic chemical components of propolis samples from different regions of the world.129739-4

Increased peri-ductal collagen micro-organization may contribute to raised mammographic density

BACKGROUND: High mammographic density is a therapeutically modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Although mammographic density is correlated with the relative abundance of collagen-rich fibroglandular tissue, the causative mechanisms, associated structural remodelling and mechanical consequences remain poorly defined. In this study we have developed a new collaborative bedside-to-bench workflow to determine the relationship between mammographic density, collagen abundance and alignment, tissue stiffness and the expression of extracellular matrix organising proteins. METHODS: Mammographic density was assessed in 22 post-menopausal women (aged 54–66 y). A radiologist and a pathologist identified and excised regions of elevated non-cancerous X-ray density prior to laboratory characterization. Collagen abundance was determined by both Masson’s trichrome and Picrosirius red staining (which enhances collagen birefringence when viewed under polarised light). The structural specificity of these collagen visualisation methods was determined by comparing the relative birefringence and ultrastructure (visualised by atomic force microscopy) of unaligned collagen I fibrils in reconstituted gels with the highly aligned collagen fibrils in rat tail tendon. Localised collagen fibril organisation and stiffness was also evaluated in tissue sections by atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy and the abundance of key extracellular proteins was assessed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Mammographic density was positively correlated with the abundance of aligned periductal fibrils rather than with the abundance of amorphous collagen. Compared with matched tissue resected from the breasts of low mammographic density patients, the highly birefringent tissue in mammographically dense breasts was both significantly stiffer and characterised by large (>80 μm long) fibrillar collagen bundles. Subsequent proteomic analyses not only confirmed the absence of collagen fibrosis in high mammographic density tissue, but additionally identified the up-regulation of periostin and collagen XVI (regulators of collagen fibril structure and architecture) as potential mediators of localised mechanical stiffness. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest that remodelling, and hence stiffening, of the existing stromal collagen microarchitecture promotes high mammographic density within the breast. In turn, this aberrant mechanical environment may trigger neoplasia-associated mechanotransduction pathways within the epithelial cell population. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0664-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Widespread genomic influences on phenotype in Dravet syndrome, a ‘monogenic’ condition

Dravet syndrome is an archetypal rare severe epilepsy, considered “monogenic”, typically caused by loss-of-function SCN1A variants. Despite a recognisable core phenotype, its marked phenotypic heterogeneity is incompletely explained by differences in the causal SCN1A variant or clinical factors. In 34 adults with SCN1A-related Dravet syndrome, we show additional genomic variation beyond SCN1A contributes to phenotype and its diversity, with an excess of rare variants in epilepsy-related genes as a set and examples of blended phenotypes, including one individual with an ultra-rare DEPDC5 variant and focal cortical dysplasia. Polygenic risk scores for intelligence are lower, and for longevity, higher, in Dravet syndrome than in epilepsy controls. The causal, major-effect, SCN1A variant may need to act against a broadly compromised genomic background to generate the full Dravet syndrome phenotype, whilst genomic resilience may help to ameliorate the risk of premature mortality in adult Dravet syndrome survivors

Clustering of comb and propolis waxes based on the distribution of aliphatic constituents

Chemical composition data for 41 samples of propolis waxes and 9 samples of comb waxes of Apis mellifera collected mainly in Brazil were treated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). For chemometrical analysis, the distribution of hydrocarbons and residues of alcohols and carboxylic acids of monoesters were considered. The clustering obtained revealed chemical affinities and differences not previously grasped by simple eye-inspection of the data. No consistent differences were detected between comb and propolis waxes. These and previous results suggest that hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, aliphatic alcohols and esters from both comb and propolis waxes are bee-produced compounds and, hence, the differences detected between one and another region are dependent on genetic factors related to the insects rather than the local flora. The samples analyzed were split into two main clusters, one of them comprising exclusively material collected in the State of São Paulo. The results are discussed with respect to the africanization of honeybees that first took place in that State and therefrom irradiated to other parts of Brazil

Effectiveness of myofascial mobilization with myofascial manipulation in relieving pain and improving physical function among patients with knee osteoarthritis in selected clinics in Cavite and Alabang - a quasi-experimental study

This is a quasi-experimental study that involved 16 subjects divided into two (2) groups. Each group underwent either the myofascial mobilization with myofascial manipulation or a placebo intervention. Pertinent demographic data as well as the indexes of pain and physical function were recorded by the researchers before and after a 2-week treatment period consisting of six (6) treatment sessions. Treatment management was the same for both groups in terms of other modalities and exercises. At the end of the treatment sessions, both the true and the placebo intervention had a statistically significant result in pain relief and improvement of physical function. When the two treatments were statistically analyzed using independent t-test at 0.05 level of significance, results showed that the difference between myofascial mobilization with myofascial manipulation and the placebo intervention was significant based on the results of pain reduction and improvement of physical function. Therefore, the researchers conclude that myofascial mobilization with myofascial manipulation is more effective than the placebo intervention in terms of relieving pain and improving physical function among patients with knee osteoarthritis