Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: experience of a large-volume European FMT center

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor for C. difficile infection (CDI), which, in turn, complicates the clinical course of IBD. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is safe and effective in patients with IBD and recurrent CDI (rCDI). In our study, patients with IBD and rCDI received FMT by colonoscopy and were followed-up for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was negative C. difficile toxin 8 weeks after FMT. Eighteen patients with IBD were enrolled. Eight patients received sequential FMT either for pseudomembranous colitis or failure of single fecal infusion. At 8-week follow-up the C. difficile toxin was negative in 17 patients, and most (83%) experienced also improvement of IBD disease activity. Overall, we did not observe any serious adverse event. FMT appears to be highly effective and safe in patients with IBD and rCDI and is likely not only to eradicate CDI but also to improve disease activity of IBD

Childhood “stress” and stable isotope life-histories in Transylvania

Aims and Objectives: Macroscopic skeletal analysis and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were employed to examine the relationship between skeletal “stress” lesions and changes in the isotopic life‐history profiles of six non‐adults from the Gepid population buried at the Archiud “Hânsuri” Cemetery (4th–7th Cent AD). Materials and Methods: The Gepids were a migratory barbarian population in the Carpathian Mountain basin of Transylvania, Romania. Macroscopic skeletal analysis was conducted on 32 individuals and of those, six non‐adults were selected for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of incrementally sampled dentine. Results: Macroscopic skeletal analyses revealed 47% of the analysed population displayed evidence of childhood stress. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ranges were ‐17.7 to ‐11.8‰ for δ13C and 9.4 to 15.1‰ for δ15N. Discussion: The overall dietary profile indicates a mixed terrestrial diet (C3/C4) with increased consumption of C4 plants during adolescence. The six non‐adults appear to have been breastfed from one to six months and weaned by three years of age. High δ15N values seen in pre‐ and post‐natal increments may suggest a level of nutritional/physiological stress during gestation, and during the transitions from umbilical nutrients, breastmilk, and weaning foods. Although limited by the small sample size, this study supports the link between elevated δ15N values and nutritional stress, the relationship and timing of skeletal lesions with changes in the isotope profiles and was among the first to combine palaeopathological analyses and incremental stable isotope analyses on the Transylvania Gepids