13 research outputs found
Breaking the Silence: Power, Conflict, and Contested Frames within an Affluent High School
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'University of California Press'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Practicing gender in youth sports
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Other renal tumors
- Author
- Arenson
- Ball
- Bhatt
- Bonavita
- Bosniak
- Bosniak
- Bosniak
- Brantley
- Bret
- Bruneton
- Campbell
- Charboneau
- Choyke
- Choyke
- Cohan
- Curry
- David S. Hartman
- Davidson
- Davidson
- Dunnick
- Earthman
- Ellman
- Farrow
- Forman
- Goiney
- Hansen
- Hartman
- Hartman
- Heiken
- Honda
- Honda
- Horii
- Hélénon
- Jander
- Jander
- Jon W. Meilstrup
- Klein
- Krudy
- Kurosaki
- Kutcher
- Lalli
- Levine
- Mittelstaedt
- Moss
- Munjal
- Mydlo
- Nyberg
- O'Toole
- Pagani
- Papanicolaou
- Perrone
- Quinn
- Raghavendra
- Reiff
- Richmond
- Rommel S. Dhadha
- Rumancik
- Sant
- Scheible
- Schonfeld
- Sherman
- Steiner
- Strotzer
- Suzuki
- Timothy J. Mosher
- Velasquez
- Volpe
- Wagle
- Wasserman
- Weinberger
- Williamson
- Yamashita
- Zacharopoulos
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Explaining Political Regime Diversity in Post-Communist States: An Evaluation and Critique of Current Theories
- Author
- Alaksandr Lahviniec
- Alice Ackermann
- Alina Mungiu-Pippidi
- Anca-Elena Mot
- Anna Grzymala-Busse
- Anna Grzymala-Busse
- Anna Grzymala-Busse
- Anna Grzymala-Busse
- Anna Grzymala-Busse
- Archie Brown
- Archie Brown
- Attila Agh
- Barbara Geddes
- Barbara Geddes
- Bewerly Crawford
- Bruce Ackerman
- Cia
- Daniel Chirot
- Daniel N Nelson
- Daniel N Nelson
- David R Marples
- Duncan Perry
- Duncan Perry
- Ekaterina Levintova
- Geoffrey Pridham
- Geoffrey Pridham
- George Schopflin
- Ghia Nodia
- Grzegorz Ekiert
- Herbert Kitschelt
- Herbert Kitschelt
- Icg Balkans Report
- Icg Balkans Report
- Iiseps
- Ivan Volgyes
- Jane Curry
- Jeffrey Kopstein
- Jeffrey S Kopstein
- John Higley
- John Higley
- John Phillips
- John T Ishiyama
- Jon Elster
- Juan J Linz
- Juan J Linz
- Juliet Johnson
- Ken Jowitt
- Kristi Raik
- L&apos
- Lena Kolarska-Bobnska
- Liliana Mihut
- Luc Duhamel
- Lucan A Way
- M Fish
- M Fish
- M Fish
- Marian Chiriac
- Marina Popescu
- Matthew S Shugart
- Michael Mcfaul
- Michael Mcfaul
- Michael Mcfaul
- Michael Mcfaul
- Milada Vachudova
- Monika Agopsowitcz
- Nestor Ratesh
- Olga Shvetsova
- Olga Shvetsova
- Peter Siani-Davies
- Petr Dostal
- Philip G Roeder
- Philip G Roeder
- Pippa Norris
- Rachel Sabates-Wheeler
- Robert Bideleux
- Robert Hislope
- Serguei Pankovski
- Sherill Stroschein
- Simeon Mitropolitski
- Stanislav Chouchkevitch
- Stephen Hanson
- Stephen Hanson
- Steven Levitsky
- Steven Levitsky
- Thomas Carothers
- Timothy Colton
- Timothy Colton
- Timothy Frye
- Timothy Frye
- Tom Gallagher
- Tom Gallagher
- Tom Gallagher
- Tom Gallagher
- Trond Gilberg
- Usaid
- Valery Bunce
- Valery Bunce
- Vitali Silitski
- W M Downs
- Yann Richard
- Zbigniew Brzezinski
- Zoltan Barany
- Zoltan Barany
- Zoltan Barany
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2007
- Field of study
The Scope of Visual Sociology
- Author
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- Alison Devine Nordstrom
- Amheim Rudolf
- Anders Wallgren
- Anselm Strauss
- Aron Bill
- Ault James
- Barnouw Erik
- Baughman James L.
- Becker Howard
- Birdwhistell Ray
- Blumer Herbert
- Bruce Jackson
- Burke Peter
- Caughey John
- Caulfield Jon
- Chalfen Richard
- Cleveland William S.
- Collier John
- Curry Timothy J.
- Denzin Norman
- Dewey John
- Diamond Edwin
- Diane
- Dona Schwartz
- Ewen Phyllis
- Gardner Howard
- Gibson James J.
- Gitlin Todd
- Goffman Erving
- Gold Steve
- Gombrich E.H.
- Grady John
- Gregory Bateson
- Gregory R. L.
- Guba Egon G.
- Halle
- Harper Douglas
- Harper's Doug
- Henry Gary
- Jackson Bruce
- James Deetz
- Janice Rogovin
- Jarvie Ian
- Jeff Coulter
- Jhally Sut
- Joas Hans
- Joas Hans
- John Edgar Reid
- Kilbourne Jean
- King Graham
- Kosslyn Stephen M.
- Kosslyn Stephen M.
- Lesy Michael
- Lobeck Armin K.
- Loukinen Michael
- Lull James
- Mellinger Wayne
- Michael Lynch
- Mihaly Csikzentmihalyi
- Monmonier Mark
- Nichols Bill
- O'Barr William
- Papson Stephen
- Richard Broadman
- Richardson J.
- Roberts D.D.
- Rochberg‐Halton Eugene
- Schlereth Thomas J.
- Segall Marshall H.
- Singer Jerome
- Stasz Clarice
- Stephen Fox
- Suchar Charles
- Wagner Jon
- Weakland John H.
- West Cornel
- West Cornel
- White Jan
- Whyte William H.
- William Leiss
- Williamson Judith
- Winner Ellen
- Wood Denis
- Zube Ervin
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Towards a New Model for Early Warning Signals for Systemic Financial Fragility and Near Crises: An Application to OECD Countries
- Author
- Abdul Abiad
- Abdul Abiad
- Alejandro Gaytan
- Alexander Tieman
- Andrew Berg
- Andrew D. Clare
- Andrew Haldane
- Andrew K Rose
- Andrew Logan
- Andrew Logan
- Asli Demirguc-Kunt
- Asli Demirguc-Kunt
- Asli Demirg�c-Kunt
- Asli Demirg�c-Kunt
- B Eichengreen
- Barbara Casu
- Bhattacharyay
- Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo
- Burkhard Drees
- Carmen M Reinhart
- Christian Roberto Mulder
- Claudio Borio
- Claudio Borio
- Claudio Borio
- Claudio Borio
- Daniel C Hardy
- Davis E Philip
- E Davis
- Erlend W Nier
- Frederic S Mishkin
- G L Kaminsky
- George G Kaufman
- Gerard Caprio
- Gerard Caprio
- Graciela L Kaminsky
- Ir�ne Andreou
- J B Breuer
- J Bell
- Jan Lestano
- Jeffrey D Aaron Sachs
- Jeffrey W Gunther
- Jeroen Van Den Berg
- Jim Wong
- John
- John Hawkings
- John L Simpson
- Jon Danielsson
- Jorge A Chan
- Julapa Jagtiani
- Liliana Rojas-Suarez
- Luc A Laeven
- Lucia Alessi
- M Bordo
- Martin Cihak
- Martin Cihak
- Mathieu Bussiere
- Michael Boss
- Nashwa Saleh
- Nouriel Roubini
- O&apos
- Paolo Manasse
- Paolo Manasse
- Patrick Honohan
- Patrick Honohan
- R Hasmann
- R Johnston
- Ray Barrell
- Ray Barrell
- Reint Gropp
- Roberto Chang
- Roberto Savona
- Rupa Duttagupta
- S Lall
- Santiago Herrera
- Stijn Claessens
- Swati Ghosh
- Thomas B King
- Timothy J Curry
- Tirgan Pghosyan
- William R White
- Yu - Chen
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2011
- Field of study
Visions of Globalization: Inequality and Political Stability
- Author
- A
- A Albert
- A Cameron
- A T Kearney
- A Yakuba
- Abel Daoud
- Accessed
- Accessed
- Adam Roberts
- Adam Roberts
- Alan I Abramowitz
- Alberto Alesina
- Alberto Alesina
- Alex Forrest
- Alexander F Brewer
- Alexander Wendt
- Andreas Bergh
- Andrew Curry
- Andy Greenberg
- Aneel Karnani
- Ann Mische
- Antonio Savoia
- Ari Aisen
- Arnold Verbeek
- Arthur S Alderson
- Arthur S Banks
- Arthur W Burks
- Arthur W Burks
- Axel Dreher
- Axel Dreher
- Axel Dreher
- B G Tabachnick
- Baldev Raj
- Benjamin J Bates
- Benjamin J Bates
- Bettina Brown
- Bo Rothstein
- Bradfield
- Bradfield
- Bradfield
- Bradfield
- Brendan Sheehan
- Burks
- Cal Clark
- Changkyu Choi
- Charles Peirce
- Charles Peirce
- Charles S Peirce
- Cheol-Sung Lee
- Cheol-Sung Lee
- Christopher Dunn
- Christopher H Achen
- Christopher Hookway
- Christopher Hookway
- Claude Ake
- Clemont Bezold
- Cornelis Waal
- Cory Doctorow
- Cory Doctorow
- Costas Panayotakis
- Cyrus Farivar
- D Acemoglu
- D C Washington
- Damon Knight
- Damon Knight
- Daniel F Galouye
- Daniel T Gilbert
- Daron Acemoglu
- David Held
- David Hummels
- David Knoke
- David S Meyer
- David Snyder
- Dinah Vernik
- Donald E Palumbo
- Donald J Puchala
- Edward Kick
- Edward N Muller
- Edward N Muller
- Edward Said
- Emilie M Hafner-Burton
- Erik Brynjolfsson
- Erik Gartzke
- Erik Thorbeck
- Erin Lockwood
- Eugene Freeman
- Even Tjorve
- F Nielsen
- Fabrizio Carmignani
- Florinel-Frank Cotae
- Francois Nielsen
- Frankl Viktor
- Frederick Solt
- Gallie
- Gallie
- Geoffrey C Laymen
- George Ritzer
- Gertner
- Gill Ringland
- Gordon Adams
- Gramah T Molitor
- Greg Egan
- Grossmann
- Gudrun �stby
- Gunhild Giskemo
- Habibur Rahman
- Harold Lasswell
- Hilary Putnam
- I Savage
- Ian Brooks
- Ian Wilson
- Ian Wilson
- Immanuel Wallerstein
- Immanuel Wallerstein
- Immanuel Wallerstein
- Isaac Asimov
- Jack Goldstone
- Jai Jung
- James Brown
- James D Fearon
- James Gwartney
- James H Mittelman
- James K Galbraith
- James K Galbraith
- James Mahoney
- Jan Peil
- Jang Kim
- Jason Dorrier
- Jason Dorrier
- Jeffrey Kentor
- Jeremy Kinsman
- Jerome C Glenn
- Jim Dator
- Jim Dator
- Joann Muller
- Joann Muller
- Joel Bakan
- Joel Bakan
- Johan Galtung
- Johan Soderberg
- John E Eck
- John Knight
- John Titlow
- Jon Gertner
- Jon Gertner
- Jonathan Weisman
- Joseph
- Joshua Angrist
- Joshua D Atkinson
- Joshua M. Pryor
- Juan E Corradi
- Judith Butler
- Justina Fischer
- Karen Winzoski
- Karl Deutsch
- Katharine Sanderson
- Katrin Amian
- Klaus Deininger
- Linda Beer
- Lisa A Keister
- Luke Martell
- Lyla Mehta
- M E J Newman
- M E Newman
- M Munits
- M Olson
- Manuel Castells
- Mark A Boroush
- Mark H Maier
- Mark J Roe
- Mark Lichbach
- Martin Albrow
- Martin Whyte
- Martin Whyte
- Matthew C Mahutga
- Matthew C Mahutga
- Matthew C Mahutga
- Melinda Mills
- Michael
- Michael Artis
- Michael D Ward
- Michael J Shapiro
- Michael J Shapiro
- Michael Weinberg
- Michel Godet
- Michele Boldrin
- Month G Marshall
- Monty G Marshall
- N Houser
- N Xenos
- Nauro F Campos
- Neal Devins
- Neal Stephenson
- Nedaa Agami
- Nedaa Agami
- Nedaa Mohamed Agami
- Nicholas Kunysz
- Nick Haslam
- Nicole Skibola
- Nils Gleditsch
- Olivier Grandville
- Olshewsky
- P Collier
- Patricia Turrisi
- Patricia Turrisi
- Patrick Marshall
- Patrick Parrinder
- Paul D Allison
- Paul Marks
- Paul Prew
- Paul Samuelson William Samuelson
- Paulette Lloyd
- Peter Kennedy
- Peter Swirski
- Peter Turchin
- Peter Turchin
- Peter Turchin
- Peter Turchin
- Peter Walters
- Philip Nel
- Popeo Posta
- Pusha Dutt
- Qinglan Long
- R Barro
- R Johnson
- R Macculloch
- R Perotti
- Raji Kali
- Ralph Williams
- Raymond Boudon
- Reed M Wood
- Richard Chadwick
- Richard Chadwick
- Richard Jong-A-Pin
- Richard Jong-A-Pin
- Richard Slaughter
- Richard W Chadwick
- Rob Clark
- Rob Clark
- Rob Clark
- Robert Bechkusen
- Robert C Feenstra
- Robert Dahl
- Robert Putnam
- Robert Tompkins
- Roger E Backhouse
- Roger E Backhouse
- Roland Bleiker
- Ron Bradfield
- Ron Bradfield
- Rosensohn
- Rosensohn
- Rosensohn
- Roubelat Godet
- Rounds
- Rudolph J Rummel
- Sadullah Celik
- Samuel P Huntington
- Sandra Bucholz
- Sanjeev Gupta
- Sarah Frier
- Sarah Frier
- Sheldon Danziger
- Sheryl Hamilton
- Shiping Zheng
- Sidney Tarrow
- Sifat Sharmin
- Simona Milio
- Stanley Wasserman
- Stephen Nickell
- Stephen P Borgatti
- Stephen P Borgatti
- Stephen P Borgatti
- Steven Levitsky
- Stuart Chase
- T Stevenson
- T Wansbeek
- Taylor Boas
- Thomas D Clareson
- Thomas L Friendman
- Thomas L Gais
- Thomas L Gais
- Thomas L Hungerford
- Thomas M Olshewsky
- Thomas Piketty
- Thomas Plumper
- Thomas Plumper
- Thomas Sowell
- Thorsten Beck
- Tieting Su
- Timothy Noah
- Turchin
- Ucdp/Prio
- V Tanzi
- Veronica Hollinger
- Vincent Descombes
- W B Gallie
- W B Gallie
- W G Runciman
- W-S Prew
- William L Rosensohn
- Ziauddin Sardar
- Ziauddin Sardar
- Zoe Fox
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2013
- Field of study
The impact of treatment with avacopan on health-related quality of life in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a post-hoc analysis of data from the ADVOCATE trial
- Author
- Agraz Pamplona Irene
- Al Jayyousi Reem
- Alberici Federico
- Amin Tania
- Andrews Jacqueline
- Anton Jordi
- Arndt Fabian
- Atsumi Tatsuya
- Au Peh Chen
- Augusto Jean-Francois
- Baines Laura Anne
- Barbour Sean
- Barrio Lucia Vicente
- Becvar Radim
- Bekker Pirow
- Belilos Elise
- Belot Alexandre
- Benck Urs Tobias
- Bergner Raoul
- Bomback Andrew S.
- Bovy Christophe
- Brachemi Soumeya
- Brogan Paul
- Bruchfeld Annette
- Brunetta Enrico
- Burnier Michel
- Burton James
- Busch Martin
- Carlin Jeffrey
- Chakera Aron
- Chang Chen Lin Yih
- Chauveau Dominique
- Chester Wasko Mary
- Chua Ignatius
- Ciggaran Secundino
- Cinta Cid Maria
- Clarkson Michael
- Collins Michael
- Cooper Bruce
- Cornec Divi
- Cournoyer Serge
- Dagna Lorenzo
- Daikeler Thomas
- Dasgupta Bhaskar
- De Vita Salvatore
- de Zoysa Janak
- Demoulin Nathalie
- Derebail Vimal K.
- Diaz Encarnacion Montserrat
- Dieperink Hans
- Dobashi Hiroaki
- Doulton Timothy William Ronald
- Dragoi Serban
- Dua Anisha
- Dudler Jean
- Emmi Giacomo
- Ficheux Maxence
- Floege Juergen
- Flossmann Oliver
- Forbess Lindsy
- Fujimoto Shoichi
- Fulladosa Oliveras Xavier
- Gabrielli Armando
- Garibotto Giacomo
- Geetha Duvuru
- Gipson Patrick
- Girard Louis-Philippe
- Gohh Reginald
- Greenwood Gregory Todd
- Gregersen Jon Waarst
- Grevbo Bard-Waldum
- Griffin Sian V.
- Grundmann Franziska
- Hagino Noboru
- Halbritter Jan
- Haller Hermann
- Harigai Masayoshi
- Harper Janice Marian
- Harper Lorraine
- Haubitz Marion
- Hauser Thomas
- Hellemans Rachel
- Hellmich Bernhard
- Henes Joerg Christoph
- Hohenstein Bernd
- Horak Pavel
- Horomanski Audra
- Hougardy Jean-Michel
- Hugenberg Steven T.
- Hugo Christian
- Ihata Atsushi
- Iking-Konert Christof
- Ivarsen Per
- Jayne David R W
- Jimenez Richard A. H.
- Jose Soler Maria
- Jourde-Chiche Noemie
- Kalstad Synove
- Kaname Shinya
- Kaneko Yuko
- Karras Alexandre
- Kaskas Marwan Omar
- Katagiri Akira
- Katayama Masao
- Kermani Tanaz
- Kidder Dana
- Kirino Yohei
- Kitagawa Kiyoki
- Kivitz Alan J.
- Klein Alexandre
- Klocke Rainer
- Koening Curry
- Komatsuda Atsushi
- Kono Hajime
- Kotter Ina
- Krarup Elizabeth
- Kronbichler Andreas
- Kubacki T
- Kurasawa Takahiko
- Kurtkoti Jagadeesh
- Lamprecht Peter
- Langford Carol A.
- Langguth Daman
- Lanyon Peter Charles
- Laurin Louis-Philippe
- Levidiotis Vicki
- Lhotta Karl
- Liang Patrick
- Lindner Tom
- Little Mark
- Luqmani Raashid
- Luxton Grant
- Lyngsoe Cecilie
- Makanjuola David Osagie
- Manenti Lucio
- Marco Rusinol Helena
- Marder Galina
- Matsumura Ryutaro
- Maurier Francois
- McCann Liza
- McLaren John Stuart
- Mehling Heidrun
- Merkel Peter A
- Mesbah Rafik
- Mimura Toshihide
- Mohamed Amr Ahmed El-Huesseini
- Molloy Eamonn
- Monach Paul
- Moranne Olivier
- Morinobu Akio
- Mount Peter
- Mudge David
- Murakawa Yohko
- Nandagudi Anupama C.
- Naniwa Taio
- Nanki Toshihiro
- Neel Antoine
- Neumann Thomas
- Neyra Nilda Roxana
- Niemer Gregory W.
- Niles John
- Noble Euan
- O'Riordan Edmond
- Obi Reginald
- Ogawa Noriyoshi
- Oshima Hisaji
- Owens Charles
- Pagnoux Christian
- Parks Deborah L.
- Patel Mumtaz
- Patel Rajan Kantilal
- Philibert David
- Phoon Richard
- Pieruzzi Federico
- Podoll Amber S.
- Praga Manuel
- Pusey Charles Dickson
- Quemeneur Thomas
- Quintana Porras Luis
- Rabindranath Kannaiyan
- Rajakariar Ravindra
- Ranganathan Dwarakanathan
- Rigothier Claire
- Ritchie Angus
- Robson Joanna C.
- Robson Michael
- Roccatello Dario
- Rosenkranz Alexander
- Rovin Brad
- Rutgers Abraham
- Ryan Jessica
- Rychlik Ivan
- Saadoun David
- Sada Kenei
- Salama Alan David
- Salvarani Carlo
- Sam R
- Schaier Matthias
- Schönermarck Ulf
- Seeger Harald
- Segarra Alfons
- Segelmark Marten
- Selvan Shilpa
- Shergy William Julius
- Silva Arnold Lawrence
- Smyth Lucy
- Soveri Inga
- Specks Ulrich
- Spiera Robert
- Sprangers Ben
- Springer Jason M.
- Sreih Antonie G.
- Strand Vibeke
- Striebich Christopher Charles
- Sugiyama Eiji
- Suranyi Michael
- Svensson My Hanna Sofia
- Swarup Areena
- Sznajd Jan
- Szombati Istvan
- Szpirt Wladimir
- Szucs Gabriella
- Takeuchi Tohru
- Taki Hirofumi
- Tamura Naoto
- Taylor Joanne
- Teng Y. K. Onno
- Terrier Benjamin
- Tesar Vladimir
- Thakar Surabhi
- Thomaidi Eleni
- Tiliakos Athan N.
- Tsai Yong
- Tsukamoto Tatsuo
- van Daele Paulus Leon Arthur
- Venhoff Nils
- Vielhauer Volker
- Vogt Bruno
- Waguespack Dia R.
- Walker Robert
- Walsh Michael
- Westman Kerstin
- Wissing Karl Martin
- Witzke Oliver
- Yamagata Kunihiro
- Yamamura Masahiro
- Yue Huibin
- Zaoui Philippe
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- A. Lina Rosengren
- Abram Burgher
- Adam B. Brosz
- Adam Rosen
- Adam Schwartz
- Adriana Sordo Duran
- Adrienna Marquez
- Adrienne E. Shapiro
- Aeiress Duhart
- Afsoon Roberts
- Albert Liu
- Alejandro Hoberman
- Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández
- Alex Greninger
- Alexander Clark
- Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros Benavides
- Alice McGarry
- Alicia Arrazcaeta
- Alisha Lutat
- Alison Bondell
- Alison Pellecchia
- Allie Oplinger
- Allison Green
- Allison O'Brien
- Alpa Patel
- Alyssa-Kay Peay
- Amanda Horn
- Amanda Lilienthal
- Amanda Occhino
- Amanda Philyaw
- Amaran Moodley
- Amber Grant
- Amber Stanford
- Amesika Nyaku
- Amie Shannon
- Amina Z. Haggag
- Amit Paliwal
- Amy Caldwell
- Amy Chamberlain
- Amy Dye
- Amy Falk
- Amy Kelley
- Amy Medina
- Amy Potts
- Amy Salzl
- Amy Sherman
- Amy Starr
- Amy Thompson
- Andrea Berry
- Andrea Clement
- Andrea Wendrow
- Andrea Zimmer
- Andres Bran
- Andres Camacho-Gonzalez
- Andrew Lauria
- Andrew McConnell
- Andrew McWilliams
- Anelgine C. Yoon
- Angela Lee
- Angela R. Branche
- Angelica Kottkamp
- Angella Webb
- Ann M. Milliken
- Ann R. Falsey
- Anna S. Lok
- Anna Wald
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Anne-Marie Rick
- Annette R. Bennett
- Annie Ciambruschini
- Annie Luetkemeyer
- Anthony Kim
- Anum Abbas
- Anyela Lara
- April Pixler
- Ariana C. Stanton
- Arthur L. Zemanek
- Asha Inniss
- Ashley Kennedy
- Ashley Perez
- Ashley Warden
- Asif Noor
- Atoya Adams
- Aurelio Cruz-Valdez
- Austin Chan
- Austin Swanson
- Ayanna Walters
- Ayoade Avworo
- Bailey Jordan
- Barbara Corral
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara S. Taylor
- Barry S. Zingman
- Barton G. Williams
- Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Becky Martinez
- Ben Ladner
- Benjamin Eckhardt
- Benjamin J. Luft
- Bernard Grunstra
- Beth Safirstein
- Bethanie Wilkinson
- Beverly E. Sha
- Beverly Ewing
- Bindu Balani
- Blanca Gomez
- Bo Shopsin
- Boerries Brandenburg
- Brandie Taylor
- Brandon J. Essink
- Brandy Ball
- Breanz Watkins
- Brenda Dorcely
- Brendan Levy
- Brett Gray
- Brett Leav
- Brian D.W. Chow
- Brit Sovic
- Brittany Feijoo
- Brittany Stewart
- Bruce C. Gebhardt
- Bruce G. Rankin
- Bruce McClenathan
- Bruno Valenti
- Bryan Gordon
- C. Mary Healy
- Caitlin J. Guiney
- Caitlin Moran
- Candace Smith
- Candice Montros
- Carina A. Rodriguez
- Carl Fichtenbaum
- Carl P. Griffin
- Carlos A. Fierro
- Carlos del Rio
- Carlos Lopez
- Carlos Malvestutto
- Carmel B. Dyer
- Carmen A. Paez
- Carmen Amador
- Carmen D. Zorrilla
- Carmen Medina
- Carol Ann Linebarger
- Carol Kauffman
- Carol L. Mitchell
- Carolene Stephenson
- Caroline Greene
- Carolyn Scatamacchia
- Carolyn Tran
- Carrie Johnston
- Carrie Sopher
- Catherine A. Bunce
- Catherine Mary Healy
- Catherine Q. Gular
- Cathy Laflan
- Cecilia McKeown-Bragas
- Celia Gonzalez
- Celia Maxwell
- Charles Harper
- Charles M. Fogarty
- Charlotte-Paige Rolle
- Charnell Cromer
- Chelsea Miles
- Chelsie Nutsch
- Chelsie Nutsch
- Chen S. Tan
- Chenchen Yu
- Cheryl Nuss
- Cheryl Young
- Chimeremma Nnadi
- Chinar Desai
- Christian Tomaszewski
- Christina A. Rostad
- Christina Bacher
- Christina Kennelly
- Christine Akamine
- Christine B. Turley
- Christine Hull
- Christine Wilson
- Christopher Carpenter
- Christopher Dedon
- Christopher Galloway
- Christopher Matich
- Christy Schmeck
- Christy Sweet
- Clarence B. Creech II
- Clarisse Baudelaire
- Claudia De La Matta Rodriguez
- Claudia Espinosa
- Claudio Nuñez Lagos
- Clint C. Guillory
- Clint Wilson
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- Uriel R. Felsen
- Valentine M. Ebuh
- Valeria D. Cantos
- Valerie K. Arnold
- Vanessa Abad
- Vanessa Raabe
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- Veronica Garcia-Fragoso
- Veronica Procasky
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- Vickie Leathers
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- Victoria Engler
- Victoria Mosteller
- Victoria R. Anderson
- Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera
- Vincent Huynh
- Vincent Mirkil
- Vivek Rajasekhar
- Viviana Gonzalez
- Vladimir Berthaud
- Walter Patton
- Wanda Ramon
- Waseem Chughtai
- Wayne L. Harper
- Wayne Woo
- Wendell Lewis
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendy A. Keitel
- Wesley Campbell
- Wesley Van Ever
- Westly Keating
- Whitney West
- Will Hernandez
- William B. Davis
- William B. Smith
- William H. Jones
- William Jennings
- William Kirby
- William P. Silver
- William R. Hartman
- William S. Davis Jr.
- William Schnitz
- William Seger
- Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León
- Winston Cavert
- Xiaomi Tong
- Yaa D. Oppong
- Yi H. Wu
- Ying Huang
- Yogesh K. Paliwal
- Youyi Fong
- Yunda Huang
- Yunda Huang
- Yvonne Davis
- Zachary Bittner
- Zainab Rizvi
- Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa
- Zudi-Mwak Takizala
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health
Recommended from our members
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- Abad Vanessa
- Abate Getahun
- Abbas Anum
- Ackerman Jamie
- Ackerman Ronald
- Ackermann Jeremy
- Adams Atoya
- Adams Mark S.
- Adams Michael R.
- Adelglass Jeffrey
- Afework Sarah
- Ahmad Nina
- Akamine Christine
- Ake Julie A.
- Al-Ibrahim Mohamed S.
- Albert Gary
- Alcaide Maria L.
- Alderson Nathan
- Aleman Lily
- Alemán José O.
- Allaw Mohammed
- Alva E. Javier Pretell
- Alvarado Hilario
- Amador Carmen
- Andersen James
- Anderson Corey G.
- Anderson Evan J.
- Anderson Victoria R.
- Andes David R.
- Andrasik Michele P.
- Andree Stephanie
- Andrews Jeb
- Andriesen Jessica G.
- Andriulis Victoria
- Ansel Jessica L.
- Anthony Codi M.
- Antwi Mohammed
- Arduino Roberto C.
- Aristy Florida
- Arnold Valerie K.
- Arrazcaeta Alicia
- Atmar Robert L.
- Avworo Ayoade
- Bacher Christina
- Baden Lindsey R.
- Badillo Diana
- Bainbridge Emma
- Baka Michele
- Baker Sherrie
- Balani Bindu
- Ball Brandy
- Bances Karla Beatriz Tafur
- Baron Mira
- Barranco-Santana Elizabeth
- Bartilucci Darlene
- Bashour Jennifer
- Batteiger Teresa A.
- Baudelaire Clarisse
- Bazan Jose A.
- Becerra Maria G.
- Becker Teresa
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- Henderson Renea
- Henderson Sheryl L.
- Hendriks Jenny
- Hennekes Gayle D.
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- Hernández Alejandro Quintín Barrat
- Herrera Vida Veronica Ruiz
- Hilder Robin
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- Hill John M.
- Hinojosa Zindy Yazmín Zárate
- Hirsch Ian
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- Hoberman Alejandro
- Hoft Daniel
- Hojat Leila
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- Holloway Lisa
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- Hong Rosamond
- Hong Stephan
- Horn Amanda
- Horton Manisha
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- Hurst James W.
- Huskey Shamika
- Hussain Mary
- Hussey Julie
- Hussey Morgan
- Hutchens Mark
- Hutchins Tanya
- Hutter Julia
- Huynh Vincent
- Ibarra Jessica
- Immergluck Lilly
- Ince Dilek
- Ingalsbe-Geno Sarah M.
- Inniss Asha
- Irani Farah
- Israelsen Ryan
- Iverson Leslie
- Iwuala Genevieve
- Jackson Lisa A.
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- Jacobs Michael
- Jacobsen Colleen
- Jacobson Jeffrey M.
- Jacqmein Jeffry
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- Jeanfreau Robert
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- Jenson Natasa
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- John W. McGettigan Jr
- Johnson Danyel
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- Lara Anyela
- Larkin T. Wadsworth III
- Laurens Matthew B.
- Lauria Andrew
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- Leav Brett
- Ledbetter Logan
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- Lee Kia
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- Leistner Natalia
- Leland N. Allen III
- Lerman Mark
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- Levy Brendan
- Levy Phillip
- Lewis Derek
- Lewis Maggie
- Lewis Michael
- Lewis Wendell
- León Winniberg Stephany Alvarez
- Lichtenberger Paola
- Lilienthal Amanda
- Linder Kathleen
- Linebarger Carol Ann
- Lisec Kendra
- Little Ryan
- Liu Albert
- Lok Anna S.
- Lomasney Evelyn
- Longe James
- Lopez Carlos
- Lord Julia
- Lovell James
- Lubelchek Ronald
- Lucaj John
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- Luetkemeyer Annie
- Luft Benjamin J.
- Lugogo Njira Lucia
- Lupercio Rafael
- Lutat Alisha
- Maboa Rebone M.
- MacBryde Rosa
- Mackey Nolan
- Madan Rebecca P.
- Madrid Martha Cecilia Gómora
- Maenza Janine
- Mahgoub Siham
- Majumder Mashrur Islam
- Makhene Mamodikoe
- Malbari Hussain
- Malkin Elissa
- Malvestutto Carlos
- Manalo Millie
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- Mangu Padma N.
- Manning Mary Beth
- Manning Rickey D.
- Marafioti Horacio
- Marks Kristin
- Marovich Mary A.
- Marquez Adrienna
- Martin Judith
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- Martinez Becky
- Martinez Reuben
- Martínez Karina Cano
- Mascola John
- Mason Robin
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- Matich Christopher
- Mauri Monica
- Maves Ryan C.
- Maxwell Celia
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- Mayer Kenneth H.
- McArthur Monica
- McCarter Jennifer
- McCartney Michael J.
- McClelland R. Scott
- McClenathan Bruce
- McClennen Rachael
- McConnell Andrew
- McCort Margaret E.
- McElrath M. Juliana
- McGarry Alice
- McGettigan Jonlyn
- McGill Lora J.
- McGrath Eric
- McKenzie Mark M.
- McKeown-Bragas Cecilia
- McKnight Irene
- McLaughlin Morgan
- McNairy Meredith
- McQuarrie Kelly
- McWilliams Andrew
- Meck Jodi
- Mederos Surisday
- Medina Amy
- Medina Carmen
- Medina Martha Carmen
- Meier Jeffrey
- Mellman Thomas
- Mena Jessica M.
- Menasche Kathleen
- Mendez Janet
- Mendoza Erika
- Mendoza Rafael
- Merchant Rajan
- Merino Fernando L.
- Metzger David
- Meyer Jay
- Meyerowitz Eric A.
- Michael Nelson
- Mileno Maria
- Miles Chelsea
- Miles Matthew
- Miller Eric
- Miller Jacqueline
- Miller Meagan
- Miller Paulina
- Miller Vicki E.
- Milligan Jason
- Milliken Ann M.
- Mirkil Vincent
- Mirsaeidi Mehdi
- Mitchell Carol L.
- Mohan Gowdhami
- Momplaisir Florence
- Monaco Cynthia L.
- Montano-Pereira Cynthia
- Montoya Natasha
- Montros Candice
- Moodley Amaran
- Morales Fernanda
- Moran Caitlin
- Moran Maria Hernandez
- Morris Stephen
- Mosteller Victoria
- Mott Stefanie
- Moya Connie
- Moye Terri
- Mueller Kimberly
- Muenzner Jacqueline
- Muhammad Sauda
- Mullane Kathleen M.
- Muniz Gysella
- Munsiff Sonal
- Murray Deborah
- Murray Linda
- Murray Monica
- Musante David B.
- Muñoz-Gómez Sigridh
- Méndez Daniela Pineda
- Nachman Sharon
- Naguib Sherif
- Naifeh Jerome G.
- Naqvi S. Hasan
- Nash Marshall
- Nasim Julio
- Nason Martha
- Nee Paul
- Negron Rosa
- Neill Marguerite
- Nelson Joy
- Nelson Taylor
- Nemecek Tiffany
- Nesbitt Lori
- Neumeister Sonja
- Neuzil Kathleen M.
- Nevarez Hannah
- Newberg Joseph L.
- Newhouse Lauren
- Newingham Patrick
- Newton Fred E.
- Ng-Price Lucy
- Nieves Kimberly
- Nnadi Chimeremma
- Nofz Kimberly
- Nollen Nicole L.
- Noor Asif
- Novak Richard M.
- Nugent Paul J.
- Nuss Cheryl
- Nutsch Chelsie
- Nyaku Amesika
- O'Brien Allison
- O'Leary Marcia
- Ocaña Enrique
- Occhino Amanda
- Okonya Tracy
- Okulicz Jason F.
- Olanrewaju Oyebisi
- Olds Shelby
- Oliver Patrick A.
- Olivieri Odette
- Omodele Sarah
- Oplinger Allie
- Oppenheim Emily
- Oppong Yaa D.
- Orozco Karen Sofia Vega
- Ortega Jessica
- Ortegón Maricruz E.
- Oshita Masaru
- Osmundsen Erica
- Ostovar Jaleh
- Otto Janet
- Overcash Jeffrey S.
- Pacheco-Flores Janeth
- Paez Carmen A.
- Paiano Ruth
- Paliwal Amit
- Paliwal Yogesh K.
- Palmer Steven
- Pampe David
- Parameswaran Lalitha
- Parikh Purvi
- Parker Elizabeth
- Parker Susan
- Parks Kevin
- Parungao Reza
- Patel Alpa
- Patel Priti
- Patterson Jan
- Patterson Thomas
- Patton Walter
- Paul Leena
- Pavetto Corrina
- Pavie Juana R.
- Peacock James
- Pearlman Laura
- Peay Alyssa-Kay
- Pellecchia Alison
- Pena-Renteria Issac
- Peraita Noris
- Peralta Henry
- Percy Donna
- Pereira Isabel
- Perez Ashley
- Peterson James T.
- Petts Jennifer
- Petty Taryn
- Pham Mai
- Phan Sharine
- Philyaw Amanda
- Phungwayo Sikhongi
- Pi Judy
- Pickle Shelby
- Pickrell Paul
- Piedra Terry
- Pierce Kristen K.
- Pinilla Ruth S.
- Pinto Simmy
- Pitotti Rebecca
- Pitrak David
- Pixler April
- Plavin Stanford
- Poling Terry L.
- Ponce Philip
- Porterfield Laura
- Potts Amy
- Powell Richard
- Powers-Fletcher Margaret
- Price-Abbott Patty
- Procasky Veronica
- Purpura Lawrence J.
- Pérez Silvano Omar Martínez
- Quevedo Evelyn
- Quillin Kim
- Quinn Donald
- Quintero Jalima
- Raabe Vanessa
- Raja Sabina
- Rajasekhar Vivek
- Raley Danielle
- Rameaka Lisa Stevens
- Ramesh Mayur
- Ramirez Natalie
- Ramon Wanda
- Ramsey James
- Rankin Bruce G.
- Rattenbury-Shaw Heather
- Rebolledo Paulina
- Recuenco Sergio E.
- Reed Patty
- Regalado Malina
- Regalado Maria M.
- Reynolds Michele D.
- Reynolds Trina L.
- Rhee Margaret
- Richard M. Glover I I
- Richards Tamara
- Richmond Sha-Wanda
- Rick Anne-Marie
- Riddler Sharon A.
- Riesenberg Robert
- Rijos Dolores
- Rindt Joshua
- Rivera Juan J.
- Rivera Juana
- Rivera María I.
- Rivero Gina
- Rizvi Zainab
- Rizzardi Barbara
- Roadman Denise
- Robb Merlin
- Robert W. Frenck Jr
- Roberts Afsoon
- Robinson Toni
- Robison Dawn
- Robison Elizabeth E.
- Rodman Shannon
- Rodriguez Carina A.
- Rodriguez Jessica
- Rokser Rachel
- Rolle Charlotte-Paige
- Rolsma Stephanie
- Ronco Peter
- Ronk Melody
- Rosen Adam
- Rosen Jeffrey
- Rosenberg David
- Rosengren A. Lina
- Rostad Christina A.
- Rothenberg Joan
- Rouhbakhsh Rambod
- Rouphael Nadine
- Rowell Crystal
- Roychoudhury Pavitra
- Rucker Rola G.
- Ruiz Monica
- Ruiz-Palacios Guillermo Miguel
- Ruperto Karen
- Rupp Richard
- Rutstein Sarah E.
- Rybak Natasha
- Sadoff Jerald
- Saemann Michelle
- Safirstein Beth
- Saldaña Eduardo Gabriel Vázquez
- Saleem Nafisa
- Saleh Jamshid
- Sales Kacie
- Salzl Amy
- Sample Denise
- Samuels Robert
- Sanchez Erica
- Sanchez Martha
- Sanchez Rosario
- Sanchez-Crespo Nelia
- Sanders John
- Sanders Lisa J.
- Santiago Fredric
- Santiago Rica
- Santolaya María E.
- Scatamacchia Carolyn
- Schacker Timothy W.
- Schipani Linda M.
- Schmeck Christy
- Schmidt Robert
- Schnitz William
- Schroeck Debra B.
- Schwartz Adam
- Schwartz Howard
- Schwartz Howard I.
- Schwartz Jennifer
- Schwasinger-Schmidt Tiffany
- Sciaudone Michael
- Scott Hyman
- Scott Tameika
- Secord Elizabeth
- Segall Nathan
- Seger William
- Seversen Shannen
- Sha Beverly E.
- Shah Mitul
- Shairi Samira
- Shankaran Shivanjali
- Shannon Amie
- Shapiro Adrienne E.
- Sharp Stephan C.
- Shaw Marian E.
- Shelly Rozeli
- Shelton Sandra
- Sherman Amy
- Sheth Neil P.
- Shinn Steven
- Shlotzhauer Tammi L.
- Shope Timothy
- Shopsin Bo
- Shoptaw Steven
- Siddiqui Farhan
- Siegel Marc
- Sierra Dianca
- Silver William P.
- Simmons Todd
- Simon Gary
- Sims Matthew D.
- Singer Leonard
- Singletary Justin
- Skipper Stephanie
- Slechta Stacy
- Sligh Teresa S.
- Smith Candace
- Smith Derek M.
- Smith Katherine
- Smith Mary
- Smith Michael J.
- Smith William B.
- Snell Kimberly
- Sobhanie M. Mahdee
- Sobieszczyk Magdalena E.
- Sogbetun Obiageli
- Solis Joel
- Sonnier Cora
- Sopher Carrie
- Sovic Brit
- Spector Stephen A.
- Sperber Steven
- Staben Jonathan
- Stahl Jessica
- Stanford Amber
- Stangl Lisa
- Stanton Ariana C.
- Stapleton Jack
- Stapleton Katherine
- Starlin Richard
- Starr Amy
- Starr Ryan P.
- Steil Kenneth
- Stephenson Carolene
- Stephenson Kathryn E.
- Sterling Stephanie
- Stewart Brittany
- Striker Robert
- Strout Cynthia Becher
- Struyf Frank
- Studdard Suzanna
- Stulken Laura
- Stull Mildred
- Sturgeon Rodney E.
- Suen May-Yin
- Sugimoto Danny
- Suyehira Janice
- Swaminathan Shobha
- Swan Suzanne
- Swann Edith
- Swanson Austin
- Sweet Christy
- Swieboda Elisa
- Syndergaard Scott N.
- Takizala Zudi-Mwak
- Takuva Simbarashe G.
- Talaat Kawsar R.
- Tan Chen S.
- Tapia Milagritos
- Tarakjian Denis
- Tashima Karen
- Tatelbaum David
- Taylor Barbara S.
- Taylor Brandie
- Tedder-Edwards Sharita
- Teherani Meghan
- Theodore Deborah A.
- Thessing Jeffrey
- Thomas Meagan
- Thomas-Seaton LaTeshia
- Thompson Amy
- Thompson Karl M.
- Thompson-Seim Teri
- Thomsen Isaac
- Tieu Hong V.
- Toma Ramy J.
- Tomaszewski Christian
- Tomatsu Lee
- Tomlinson Ryan
- Tong Tina
- Tong Xiaomi
- Torres Juan P.
- Torres Julian A.
- Tovar Dalia
- Tran Carolyn
- Treanor John J.
- Tukuru Sade
- Turley Christine B.
- Turner Mark A.
- Tyson Stefanie
- Ulrich Robert J.
- Usdan Lisa S.
- Utz Gregory C.
- Vachris Timothy P.
- Valenti Bruno
- Valika Insiya
- Van Der Leden Mimi
- Van Dromme Ilse
- Van Ever Wesley
- Van Roey Griet
- Varughese Tilly
- Vega Jocelyn Zuleica Olmos
- Vega Norma
- Vegas Diana
- Vertucci Michele
- Viar Veronica
- Viens Nicholas A.
- Villegas Marysol
- Vingerhoets Johan
- Vogler Mary
- Vowell Mandy
- Vrbicky Keith W.
- Wahlin Tami
- Wakefield Paul H.
- Wald Anna
- Walker James
- Walker Shannon
- Walsh Edward E.
- Walsh Mary C.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walter Emmanuel B.
- Walters Ayanna
- Wang Tina
- Warden Ashley
- Waters Michael
- Watkins Breanz
- Webb Angella
- Webster Hala
- Weidler Jessica L.
- Weiss Thomas
- Wells Margaret
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendrow Andrea
- Werne Melody
- West Whitney
- Whatley Jordan L.
- Whitaker Jennifer A.
- White Jewel J.
- White Julie
- White Toni
- Wijewardane Priyantha N.
- Wilkin Timothy
- Wilkinson Bethanie
- William S. Davis Jr
- Williams Barton G.
- Williams Hayes
- Williams Samantha
- Wilson Christine
- Wilson Clint
- Wilson Greg
- Wilson Natasha
- Winbigler Jennifer
- Winkle Peter J.
- Winokur Patricia L.
- Witbeck John
- Wohl David
- Woo Wayne
- Woodside Leana
- Wortman Glenn
- Wu Yi H.
- Wylie Paul E.
- Yang Fan
- Yang Kinara S.
- Yoon Anelgine C.
- York Jill
- Young Cheryl
- Yu Chenchen
- Yusin Joseph
- Zapata Luz
- Zash Rebecca
- Zegarra Eneyda Giuvanela Llerena
- Zemanek Arthur L.
- Zenlea Kate
- Zepeda Karla
- Zervos Marcus J.
- Zhai Nan
- Zhang Kevin
- Zhou James
- Zimmer Andrea
- Zingman Barry S.
- Zorrilla Carmen D.
- Áñez Germán
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health