RAIMUNDO SANTA LUJÁN [Material gráfico]

Vecino de VallesecoCopia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

MCMC-driven importance samplers

Monte Carlo sampling methods are the standard procedure for approximating complicated integrals of multidimensional posterior distributions in Bayesian inference. In this work, we focus on the class of layered adaptive importance sampling algorithms, which is a family of adaptive importance samplers where Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms are employed to drive an underlying multiple importance sampling scheme. The modular nature of the layered adaptive importance sampling scheme allows for different possible implementations, yielding a variety of different performances and computational costs. In this work, we propose different enhancements of the classical layered adaptive importance sampling setting in order to increase the efficiency and reduce the computational cost, of both upper and lower layers. The different variants address computational challenges arising in real-world applications, for instance with highly concentrated posterior distributions. Furthermore, we introduce different strategies for designing cheaper schemes, for instance, recycling samples generated in the upper layer and using them in the final estimators in the lower layer. Different numerical experiments show the benefits of the proposed schemes, comparing with benchmark methods presented in the literature, and in several challenging scenarios

Sistema informático para la gestión de la información hospitalaria del infarto agudo de miocardio (RHIMA)

Introducción: La difícil recopilación de información sobre la prevalencia y desarrollo del infarto agudo de miocardio imposibilita medir la calidad del tratamiento durante la evolución de la enfermedad en un determinado grupo de pacientes.Objetivo: Desarrollar un sistema informático que permita la gestión de la información hospitalaria del infarto agudo de miocardio en el Servicio de Cardiología.Método: Se identificaron las variables necesarias para la confección del registro, divididas por bloques relacionados con la atención prehospitalaria, el síndrome coronario agudo, la atención en Unidades de Cuidados Coronarios y el egreso. Se creó un sistema informático que utiliza NetBeans como IDE de programación, Apache como servidor web y la base de datos en MySQL; como lenguaje de programación se utilizó PHP con la infraestructura digital (framework) Yii del lado del servidor y JavaScript con el framework ExtJs 4.1.1 del lado del cliente. Como modelador de base de datos se utilizó ER/Studio.Resultados: Se conformó el Registro Hospitalario de Infarto Agudo de Miocardio (RHIMA) para su aplicación en el Hospital Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos, Cuba; se lograron obtener datos estadísticos inmediatos que permitieron realizar un análisis de la atención a los pacientes con esta enfermedad.Conclusiones: Se desarrolló un sistema informático web capaz de gestionar la información del IAM. Su diseño, acorde al Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba, tiene en cuenta las características epidemiológicas y demográficas de la población cubana y brindan indicadores de calidad en la terapéutica para el registro de la información del IAM, ajustadas a las recomendaciones de las principales Guías de Práctica Clínica

Introduction of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú for Milk Production, and Economic Results of a Buffalo Dairy

The effect of introducing Brachiaria brizanta cv. Marandú for forage upon milk production and economic results was evaluated on Tayabito buffalo dairy farm affiliated to Maraguán Livestock Center in Camagüey municipality, Cuba. To this purpose, a two-hectare B. brizanta grazing ground was introduced and its effect on milk production and quality was estimated by a Switch Back design with two treatments and six replicas each. Initially, female buffaloes lactation span was 122 ± 5,7 days. Forage balances were performed on native pastures and half the area with B. brizanta  grassland.  This new species  proved its suitability  by spreading  over 80 % of the 2 ha area after being planted. Concerning milk production during dry and rainy seasons, a significant increase was registered for B. brizanta compared to native pastures (over 0,54 and 0,83 l/animal/day for each season, respectively). Milk quality was not affected in either case. This farm forage production could supply current herd feeding needs by introducing 50 % grazing grounds of B. brizanta; besides, productive indexes could significantly improve

Evaluación de la capacidad termorreguladora en bovinos lecheros Holstein pelona puertorriqueña, Holstein normal y Jersey

This study assessed the thermoregulatory capacity of normal-haired Holstein (HLS; n=4), Puerto Rican slick-haired Holstein (HPP; n=4) and Jersey (JRS; n=4) cows in a tropical commercial dairy herd. The vaginal temperature (VT) was monitored using HOBO data loggers for a period of 4.7 consecutive days under regular herd management. In addition, the surface temperature of each animal was determined for two hours under an evaporative cooling system using a thermography camera. The HPP cows had a lower mean VT relative to HLS cows (p<0.05) on each day and hourly during a 24-h diurnal cycle, while JRS cows presented intermediate values relative to HPP and HLS cows. Overall, the 4.7-day study differed among the three groups (p<0.0181), with mean ± standard error values for HPP, JRS and HLS of 38.87±0.02, 39.18±0.03 and 39.35±0.02° C, respectively. When exposed to an evaporative cooling system, the HPP and JRS cows showed lower VT than HLS (p<0.0001); however, no differences were found in surface temperature among racial groups. The results indicate that HPP cows have a greater thermoregulatory capacity relative to HLS and JRS under local management conditions, while HLS cows have the poorest. Additional studies are needed to determine the effect of the superior thermoregulatory capacity observed in HPP cows on feed efficiency, productive and reproductive performance to justify the use of HLS in tropical dairy production systems.Se evaluó la capacidad termorreguladora de vacas lecheras Holstein de pelo normal (HLS; n=4), Holstein pelona puertorriqueña (HPP; n=4) y Jersey (JRS; n=4) bajo un sistema comercial de producción de leche en el trópico. La temperatura vaginal (TV) se monitoreó utilizando 'HOBO data loggers' por un periodo de cuatro días consecutivos bajo manejo regular del hato. Además, se determinó la temperatura superficial de cada animal por dos horas bajo un sistema de enfriamiento evaporativo utilizando una cámara termográfica. Las vacas HPP tuvieron menor TV promedio que las vacas HLS (p<0.05) en cada uno de los días y cada hora durante un ciclo diurno de 24 horas, mientras las JRS presentaron TV intermedia relativo a HPP y HLS. La TV promedio abarcando los 4.7 días de estudio difirió entre los tres grupos raciales (p<0.0181), siendo 38.87±0.02, 39.18±0.03 y 39.35±0.02° C los valores promedio ± error estándar de HPP, JRS y HLS, respectivamente. Al exponerse a enfriamiento evaporativo, las vacas HPP y JRS presentaron menor TV que las HLS (p<0.0001), sin embargo, no se registraron diferencias en temperatura superficial entre los grupos raciales. Los resultados indican que las vacas HPP poseen capacidad termorreguladora superior a la de las HLS y JRS bajo condiciones locales de manejo, siendo la raza HLS la de inferior capacidad termorreguladora. Es necesario realizar estudios donde se cuantifique el efecto de la capacidad termorreguladora superior observada en HPP sobre la eficiencia alimenticia, desempeño productivo y reproductivo, relativo a HLS, para determinar si es justificable o no el uso de HLS en sistemas de producción de leche en regiones tropicales

Alternative pretreatments of rice and tobacco wastes for the production of fermentable sugars

The scarce oil supplies and the emissions of gases of greenhouse effect have caused the interest in production and utilization of lignocellulosic bioethanol. This can substitute partially or totally the fossil fuels. The stages of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis are the most expensive. Different pretreatments have been studied for ethanol production from these materials. Their results depend on the method characteristics and on biomass used. The agroindustrial wastes present a composition with possibilities of being evaluated like raw material for bioethanol production. In the present research, the pretreatment stages with Ultrasound and Ozone are studied, in order to decrease the lignin content and to increase the performance of the fermentative sugars in the lignocellulosic wastes (rice hull and dark tobacco vein). In the first pretreatment procedure, time and waste type were studied and in the second stage, the ozone concentration, waste type and moisture content were the studied variables. A combined procedure was applied to the best preliminary results. It is demonstrated that a decrease in the lignin concentration and the structural transformation of the materials under consideration come true. The best results were gotten for the rice hulls

Efficiency of Agricultural Upgrading as a Component of the Farming Extension System

Evaluation was effected through a participative-diagnosis  tool which integrates several techniques and the organ- izational work for agro producer training. Three participative exercises, i.e., brainstorming, questions, and the nine- square or the General Electric matrix, were performed. Deficiencies in the training process and how to solve them, the need of team work to diagnose demands, problems, program design, and program application were determined. Besides, the current situation of the School of Training for Agricultural Executives, affiliated to the Ministry of Ag- riculture division in Camagüey, was assessed, for capital and resource investment, and for introduction of new agro- products and services to the market

La propuesta reducción del límite máximo permitido de células somáticas en leche cruda y su posible efecto sobre la industria lechera en Puerto Rico.

Data from 302,995 test day records of individual cows of the Puerto Rico Dairy Herd Improvement Program (PRDHIP) and from 8,833 bulk tank results from all herds in Puerto Rico during the years 2004 and 2005 were analyzed for determining the potential effect of implementation of the National Mastitis Council's (NMC) proposal to reduce the present regulatory upper limit for somatic cell count of 750,000 cells/ml of crude milk. Means of herd test day milk yield per cow and of somatic cell scores on the linear scale for this data set were 17.2 kg and 3.9, respectively. On the basis of PRDHIP data, it was estimated that 20% of individual test day values, equivalent to 920,290 kg of raw milk, would exceed the upper limit if it were established at 600,000 cells/ml. The months of highest average milk production were February, March and May (18.4,18.2 and 18.2 kg/day, respectively).The lowest production was observed in August, September and October (16.3,15.6 and 15.8 kg/day, respectively). The months with the lowest average somatic cell score were February and April (both at 3.5) and those of the highest were August, September and October (4.2,4.2 and 4.3, respectively). The average somatic cell counts for herds enrolled or not enrolled in DHIP were similar (461,656 and 473,096, respectively; P greater than 0.05).Se analizaron datos de 302,995 pesajes individuales de leche de vacas de hatos acogidos al Programa de Mejoramiento de Hatos Lecheros de Puerto Rico (PRDHIP, por sus siglas en inglés) y 8,833 resultados de análisis de recuentos de células somáticas (RCS) de muestras de tanque de todas las operaciones lecheras de Puerto Rico durante los años 2004 y 2005 para determinar el efecto potencial que tendría la aplicación de la propuesta del Concilio Nacional de Mastitis (NMC) de reducir el límite máximo actual de 750,000 células por mililitro de leche cruda. Los promedios de producción diaria de leche por vaca y de los recuentos de células somáticas expresados en la escala lineal (RLCS) en este conjunto de datos fueron 17.2 kg y 3.9, respectivamente. Basado en los registros del DHIP, se estimó en un 20% la proporción de pesajes de vacas individuales, equivalentes a 920,290 kg de leche cruda, que estaría fuera de norma si el límite máximo permitido se redujera a 600,000 células somáticas por mililitro. Los meses de mayor producción promedio de leche fueron febrero, marzo y mayo (18.4, 18.2 y 18.2 kg/día, respectivamente), mientras que las producciones menores se registraron en los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre (16.3,15.6 y 15.8 kg/día, respectivamente). Los meses con los menores promedios de RLCS correspondieron a febrero y abril (ambos en 3.5) y los mayores a agosto, septiembre y octubre (4.2, 4.2 y 4.3, respectivamente). El promedio de los RCS de muestras de tanque de los hatos acogidos o no al DHIA difirieron poco (461,656 y 473,096, respectivamente; P mayor que 0.05)