Optimal decision of a disaster relief network equilibrium model

Frequent natural disasters challenge relief network efficiency. This paper introduces a stochastic relief network with limited path capacity, develops an equilibrium model based on cumulative prospect theory, and formulates it as a stochastic variational inequality problem to enhance emergency response and resource allocation efficiency. Using the NCP function, Lagrange function, and random variables, the model dynamically monitors disasters, enabling rational resource allocation for quick decision-making. Compared to traditional methods, our model significantly improves resource scheduling and reduces disaster response costs. Through a random network example, we validate the model's effectiveness in aiding intelligent decision-making for relief plans and resource allocation optimization

Terahertz spectra of electrolyte solutions under applied electric and magnetic fields

Most biomolecules require an aqueous environment to fully exert their biological activity. However, the rotation mode, vibration mode, and energy associated with the hydrogen bonding network of water are in the terahertz band, resulting in strong absorption. Therefore, it is difficult to detect liquid biological samples using the terahertz technology. Here, a high-transmittance double-layer microfluidic chip was prepared using a cycloolefin copolymer material with high transmittance of terahertz waves. Combined with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, the terahertz spectral characteristics of deionized water, NaCl, NaCO3, and CH3COONa solutions were studied. The changes in the terahertz transmission intensity of these electrolyte solutions under constant electric and magnetic fields were measured. The results show that the terahertz spectra of different sodium salt solutions with the same concentration of 0.9 mol/L are different. Furthermore, the terahertz absorption coefficients of the different electrolyte solutions gradually decrease with the increase of their residence time under the electric field, which is contrary to the results obtained under the external magnetic field. This study provides a new idea for the detection of sodium salt solution and lays a foundation for the development of THz technology

Terahertz Kerr Effect of Liquids

In recent years, tremendous advancements have been made in various technologies such as far-infrared, low-frequency Raman, and two-dimensional (2D) Raman terahertz (THz) spectroscopies. A coherent method has emerged from numerous experimental and theoretical investigations of molecular dynamics in liquids by comparing linear and non-linear spectroscopic techniques. Intermolecular hydrogen bond vibration, molecular reorientation motion, and interaction between molecule/ionic solute and hydrogen bonds have been demonstrated to occur in the THz region, which are closely related to their physical/chemical properties and structural dynamics. However, precise probing of various modes of motion is difficult because of the complexity of the collective and cooperative motion of molecules and spectral overlap of related modes. With the development of THz science and technology, current state-of-the-art THz sources can generate pulsed electric fields with peak intensities of the order of microvolts per centimeter (MV/cm). Such strong fields enable the use of THz waves as the light source for non-linear polarization of the medium and in turn leads to the development of the emerging THz Kerr effect (TKE) technique. Many low-frequency molecular motions, such as the collective directional motion of molecules and cooperative motion under the constraint of weak intermolecular interactions, are resonantly excited by an intense THz electric field. Thus, the TKE technique provides an interesting prospect for investigating low-frequency dynamics of different media. In view of this, this paper first summarizes the research work on TKE spectroscopy by taking a solid material without low-frequency molecular motions as an example. Starting from the principle of TKE technology and its application in investigating the properties of solid matter, we have explored the low-frequency molecular dynamics of liquid water and aqueous solutions using TKE. Liquid water is a core of life and possesses many extraordinary physical and biochemical properties. The hydrogen bond network plays a crucial role in these properties and is the main reason for its various kinetic and thermodynamic properties, which differ from those of other liquids. However, the structure of the hydrogen bond network between water and solutes is not well known. Therefore, evaluating the hydrogen bond-related kinetic properties of liquid water is important

Synthesis of chlorodiphenylgermanium dithiocarbamates

1510-1512Thirteen chlorodiphenylgermanium dithiocarbamates of the general formula, Ph2Ge(Cl)S2CNRR', [where NRR'=NMe2, NEt2, N(n-Pr)2, N(n-Bu)2, N(CH2)4, N(CH2)5, N(CH2CH2)2O, N(CH2CH2OH)2, N(CH3)Ph, NPh2, N(CH3)COPh, N(COCH2)2, N(CH=CH)2] have been prepared by the reaction of dithiocarbamates with the appropriate diphenylgermanium dichloride in 1:1 stoichiometry. Their structures have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. These results reveal that the dithiocarbamate ligands are coordinated to Ge in an anisobidentate fashion