The characterization of remote warfare under international humanitarian law

This chapter examines the qualification of remote warfare as a form of armed conflict under international humanitarian law. It does so first by considering how armed conflict is defined and how the concept has evolved since the drafting of the Geneva Conventions of 1949. It then focuses on three modes of attack that are commonly associated with remote warfare: the use of remotely piloted vehicles, cyber operations, and autonomous weapon systems. Bearing in mind the challenges that each of these present to the applicability of the law, it will be argued that the concept of armed conflict needs to be interpreted in terms consistent with the object and purpose of international humanitarian law, in accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treatie

Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards: a London perspective

The virtues of international arbitration are well known. However, without the ability to enforce foreign arbitral awards, in the event of a party to arbitration failing, refusing or otherwise not honouring the award, international arbitration becomes a paper tiger. This is why the possibility of enforcement pursuant to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is of cardinal importance. Mindful of the UK’s treaty obligations under the New York Convention, this paper focuses on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards from a London perspective. It will do so for two reasons: London has long standing and hard won reputation as one of the truly global centres of international arbitration. It is also recognised as a bellwether for international finance. In light of such recognition, this paper will examine the approach adopted by the English Judiciary to international arbitration awards and ultimately their enforcement or otherwise in the courts of England and Wales

Interfirm supply chains: The contribution of management accounting

It has been argued that 'traditional' management accounting systems do not readily support supply- chain management perspectives. Our study of the implications of supply-chain management initiatives for management accounting and for management accountants both supports that criticism and shows how management accounting is changing in response to the challenges

A comprehensive standardised data definitions set for acute coronary syndrome research in emergency departments in Australasia

Patients with chest discomfort or other symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome are one of the most common categories seen in many Emergency Departments (EDs). Although the recognition of patients at high risk of acute coronary syndrome has improved steadily, identifying the majority of chest pain presentations who fall into the low-risk group remains a challenge. Research in this area needs to be transparent, robust, applicable to all hospitals from large tertiary centres to rural and remote sites, and to allow direct comparison between different studies with minimum patient spectrum bias. A standardized approach to the research framework using a common language for data definitions must be adopted to achieve this. The aim was to create a common framework for a standardized data definitions set that would allow maximum value when extrapolating research findings both within Australasian ED practice, and across similar populations worldwide. Therefore a comprehensive data definitions set for the investigation of non-traumatic chest pain patients with possible acute coronary syndrome was developed, specifically for use in the ED setting. This standardized data definitions set will facilitate‘knowledge translation’ by allowing extrapolation of useful findings into the real-life practice of emergency medicine

The Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P 3 ) Binder Rasa3 Regulates Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Integrin α IIb β 3 Outside-in Signaling

The class I PI3K family of lipid kinases plays an important role in integrin αIIbβ3 function, thereby supporting thrombus growth and consolidation. Here, we identify Ras/Rap1GAP Rasa3 (GAP1IP4BP) as a major phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-binding protein in human platelets and a key regulator of integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. We demonstrate that cytosolic Rasa3 translocates to the plasma membrane in a PI3K-dependent manner upon activation of human platelets. Expression of wild-type Rasa3 in integrin αIIbβ3-expressing CHO cells blocked Rap1 activity and integrin αIIbβ3-mediated spreading on fibrinogen. In contrast, Rap1GAP-deficient (P489V) and Ras/Rap1GAP-deficient (R371Q) Rasa3 had no effect. We furthermore show that two Rasa3 mutants (H794L and G125V), which are expressed in different mouse models of thrombocytopenia, lack both Ras and Rap1GAP activity and do not affect integrin αIIbβ3-mediated spreading of CHO cells on fibrinogen. Platelets from thrombocytopenic mice expressing GAP-deficient Rasa3 (H794L) show increased spreading on fibrinogen, which in contrast to wild-type platelets is insensitive to PI3K inhibitors. Together, these results support an important role for Rasa3 in PI3K-dependent integrin αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling and cell spreading