El proyecto de exportación de vajillas (caso de estudio)

Este caso de estudio ilustra, a travésde la formulación de un proyecto, losretos y decisiones a las que se enfrentauna empresa colombiana en unproceso de conquista de nuevos mercados.Esto le podría exigir un cambioradical en sus operaciones, dejandode ser una compañía exclusivamentecomercial para convertirse tambiénen una empresa manufacturera,conservando su producto principal yestableciendo una integración vertical.Exportación, Importación, Alemania,Vajillas Cerámicas, Inversión,Proyecto, Subcontratación, Costo deCapital.

Low X-Ray Luminosity Galaxy Clusters. II. Optical properties and morphological content at 0.18 < z < 0.70

This is the second of a series of papers on low X-ray luminosity galaxy clusters, in which we present the $r^\prime$, $g^\prime$ and $i^\prime$ photometry obtained with GMOS-IMAGE at Gemini North and South telescopes for seven systems in the redshift range of 0.18 to 0.70. Optical magnitudes, colours and morphological parameters, namely, concentration index, ellipticity and visual morphological classification, are also given. At lower redshifts, the presence of a well-defined red cluster sequence extending by more than 4 magnitudes showed that these intermediate-mass clusters had reached a relaxed stage. This was confirmed by the small fraction of blue galaxy members observed in the central regions of $\sim$ 0.75 Mpc. In contrast, galaxy clusters at higher redshifts had a less important red cluster sequence. We also found that the galaxy radial density profiles in these clusters were well fitted by a single power law. At 0.18 $<$ z $<$ 0.70, we observed an increasing fraction of blue galaxies and a decreasing fraction of lenticulars, with the early-type fraction remaining almost constant. Overall, the results of these intermediate-mass clusters are in agreement with those for high mass clusters.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Quality assurance of a solar UV network in the Antarctic

Póster elaborado para la 27th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society celebrada en Niza los días 21-26 de abril de 200

A 10-year characterization of the Saharan Air Layer lidar ratio in the subtropical North Atlantic

Particle extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) is a key parameter for a correct interpretation of elastic lidar measurements. Of particular importance is its determination for Saharan Air Layer mineral dust transported into the free troposphere over the North Atlantic region. The location of the two sun photometer stations managed by the Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre (IARC) on the island of Tenerife, and a decade of available micropulse lidar (MPL) data allows us to determine the lidar ratio under almost pure dust conditions. This result can be considered representative of the Saharan dust transported westward over the North Atlantic in the subtropical belt. Three different methods to calculate the lidar ratio have been used in this work: (1) using the inversion of sky radiance measurements from a sun/sky photometer installed at the Izaña Observatory (2373ma.s.l.) in free troposphere conditions; (2) the One-Layer method, a joint determination using a micro-pulse lidar sited at Santa Cruz de Tenerife sea-level station and photometric information considering a one layer of aerosol characterized by a single lidar ratio; (3) the Two-Layer method, a joint determination using the micro-pulse lidar and photometric information considering two layers of aerosol with two different lidar ratios. The One-Layer method uses data from a co-located photometer only at Santa Cruz de Tenerife, while the Two-Layer conceptual approach incorporates photometric information at two heights from the observatories of Izaña and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The almost pure dust lidar ratio retrieval from the sun/sky photometer and from the Two-Layer method give similar results, with lidar ratios at 523nm of 49±6 sr and 50±11sr, respectively. These values obtained from a decade of data records are coincident with other studies in the literature reporting campaigns in the subtropical North Atlantic region. This result shows that the Two-Layer method is an improved conceptual approach compared to the single layer approach, that matches well the real lower troposphere structure. The Two-layer method is able to retrieve reliable lidar ratios and therefore aerosol extinction profiles, despite the inherent limitations of the elastic lidar technique. A lack of correlation between lidar ratio and Ångström exponent (α) indicates that the dust lidar ratio can be considered independent of dust size distribution in this region. This finding suggests that dust is, in most of atmospheric conditions, the predominant aerosol in the North Atlantic free troposphere.This work has been developed within the framework of the activities of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations (CIMO) Izaña test bed for aerosols and water vapour remote sensing instruments. AERONET Sun photometers at Izaña have been calibrated within the AERONET Europe TNA, supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 654109 (ACTRIS-2). The authors also acknowledge the AERONET team for their support, the Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship (JCI-2010-06097) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, as well as the AMISOC proyect, CGL2011-24891, from the Spanish Plan for Research, Development and Innovation, which has partially supported the maintenance of the lidar at Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Our colleague Celia Milford improved the English of this paper

Correction and validation of total ozone data series from an antarctic multichannel filter radiometer solar UV network

Póster elaborado para la 27th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society celebrada en Niza los días 21-26 de abril de 2002The MAR Project is financed by the National R+D Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology (National Research Program at the Antarctica) under contract REN2000-0245-C02-2

Traveling reference NILU-UV at the Antarctic region: solar UV comparisons at Ushuaia and Marambio in 2002

Póster elaborado para la EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly celebrada en Niza, los días 6-11 de abril de 2003The MAR Project is financed by the National R+D Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology (National Research Program at the Antarctica) under contract REN2000-0245-C02-02

Modelo de predicción del índice ultravioleta (UVI) del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología

Ponencia presentada en: V Simposio Nacional de Predicción, celebrado en 2001 en Madrid.De acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la Acción COST-713 (Predicción UV-B) de la Comisión Europea, se ha procedido al desarrollo del modelo de predicción del Índice Ultravioleta (UVI) para España. En este trabajo se presenta dicho modelo y los resultados de las primeras validaciones tras su primer año de operación. Asimismo se describen las próximas parametrizaciones y mejoras que se esperan implementar en el mismo a la vista de los resultados obtenidos

Seasonal impact of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons on lowermost stratospheric ozone between 60° N and 60° S during the 21st century

Biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons (VSLBr) currently represent ∼25 % of the total stratospheric bromine loading. Owing to their much shorter lifetime compared to anthropogenic long-lived bromine (e.g. halons) and chlorine (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons), the impact of VSLBr on ozone peaks in the lowermost stratosphere, which is a key climatic and radiative atmospheric region. Here we present a modelling study of the evolution of stratospheric ozone and its chemical loss within the tropics and at mid-latitudes during the 21st century. Two different experiments are explored: considering and neglecting the additional stratospheric injection of 5 ppt biogenic bromine naturally released from the ocean. Our analysis shows that the inclusion of VSLBr results in a realistic stratospheric bromine loading and improves the agreement between the model and satellite observations of the total ozone column (TOC) for the 1980?2015 period at mid-latitudes. We show that the overall ozone response to VSLBr at mid-latitudes follows the stratospheric evolution of long-lived inorganic chlorine and bromine throughout the 21st century. Additional ozone loss due to VSLBr is maximized during the present-day period (1990?2010), with TOC differences of −8 DU (−3 %) and −5.5 DU (−2 %) for the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes (SH-MLs and NH-MLs), respectively. Moreover, the projected TOC differences at the end of the 21st century are ∼50 % lower than the values found for the present-day period.We find that seasonal VSLBr impact on lowermost stratospheric ozone at mid-latitude is influenced by the seasonality of the heterogeneous inorganic-chlorine reactivation processes on ice crystals. Indeed, due to the more efficient reactivation of chlorine reservoirs (mainly ClONO2 and HCl) within the colder SH-ML lowermost stratosphere, the seasonal VSLBr impact shows a small but persistent hemispheric asymmetry through the whole modelled period. Our results indicate that, although the overall VSLBr-driven ozone destruction is greatest during spring, the halogen-mediated (Halogx-Loss) ozone loss cycle in the mid-latitude lowermost stratosphere during winter is comparatively more efficient than the HOx cycle with respect to other seasons. Indeed, when VSLBr are considered, Halogx-Loss dominates wintertime lowermost stratospheric ozone loss at SH-MLs between 1985 and 2020, with a contribution of inter-halogen ClOx?BrOx cycles to Halogx-Loss of ∼50 %.Within the tropics, a small (<−2.5 DU) and relatively constant (∼−1 %) ozone depletion mediated by VSLBr is closely related to their fixed emissions throughout the modelled period. By including the VSLBr sources, the seasonal Halogx-Loss contribution to lowermost stratospheric ozone loss is practically dominated by the BrOx cycle, reflecting the low sensitivity of very short-lived (VSL) bromine to background halogen abundances to drive tropical stratospheric ozone depletion. We conclude that the link between biogenic bromine sources and seasonal changes in heterogeneous chlorine reactivation is a key feature for future projections of mid-latitude lowermost stratospheric ozone during the 21st century.Fil: Barrera, Javier Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Rafael Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; ArgentinaFil: Iglesias Suarez, Fernando. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Cuevas, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Lamarque, Jean Francois. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados UnidosFil: Saiz-lopez, Alfonso. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Españ

The NILU-UV6 multichannel moderate bandwidth filter radiometer in the MAR project’s Antarctic network

Ponencia presentada en: 3ª Asamblea Hispano Portuguesa de Geodesia y Geofisica, celebrada en Valencia en 2002During the last years multichannel moderate bandwidth filter instruments have been used for UV radiation measurement and the reconstruction of the solar spectra. These instruments are now part of several UV and ozone monitoring networks, due to its easy management, low maintenance, robustness and high efficiency. In this work the characteristics, the algorithms for different products calculation, and the quality control and quality assurance system of the multichannel filter radiometer NILU-UV6 are presented. This instrument measures at five UV channels (305, 312, 320, 340 and 380 nm) and PAR (400-700 nm) channel. A radiative transfer model is used to calculate the total ozone content, clouds transmitance and the biologically effective UV doses. The preliminary results obtained by the NILU-UV6 instruments of the MAR project (Measurement of Antarctic radiance for monitoring the ozone layer) Antarctic network, managed by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM) and the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), are also shown and discussed

Especificación formal de arquitecturas de software basadas en componentes: chequeo de corrección con cálculo −Parq

In this paper we describe a correctness checking formal method of reference architectures against reference models in a component-based software development perspective. These models are specified by means of ρarq − calculus. We use two formal tools; the first, the concept of Labelled Transition System (LTS) enhanced with the conditional-transition concept for logical variables whose resolution may be obtained from a global store of constraints. The second, the observation equivalence theory proposed by Robin Milner and his collaborators in Cambridge University.En esta publicación se propone un método formal para el chequeo de corrección de arquitecturas de referencia basadas en componentes de software. Estos modelos son especificados por medio del cálculo − ρarq . Se hace uso de dos herramientas formales; la primera, el concepto de Sistema de Transición Rotulado ( STR, en adelante) ampliado con el concepto de transición condicionada para variables lógicas cuya resolución podría obtenerse desde un repositorio global de restricciones. La segunda, la teoría de equivalencia de observación propuesta por Robin Milner y sus colaboradores en la Universidad de Cambridge