Carbon footprints of forest degradation and deforestation by “Basic-Needs Populations”: A review

Forest conversion caused by subsistence or “basic needs populations” is difficult to track and measure. As the dynamics of these populations change over time, their carbon footprint impacts on natural resources also change. To reduce their potential negative impacts on forest resources, it is critical to understand what underlying causes influence their livelihoods practices. A systematic review was conducted to search for common basic needs livelihoods that result in forest loss and degradation, and thus in carbon footprint changes. Livelihood activities were grouped into seven themes (animal husbandry, crop production, fishing, illegal practices, non-timber forest products, and wood harvest). Under these themes, a non-comprehensive list of 25 activities was combined with “deforestation” and “forest degradation” as search terms in Scopus and Web of ScienceTM. A two-level snowball sampling procedure was applied to the resulting screened publications. The review produced 2200 outputs, with a final sample of 101 articles and 161 basic needs communities described. The results show that wood harvesting and crop production were the most common livelihood activities engaged in by basic needs populations. Population pressure and alternative income sources were frequently mentioned as underlying causes influencing deforestation and forest degradation and likely affecting carbon footprints through land cover change. Often considered sustainable, livelihood activities by basic needs populations can become unsustainable in response to changes in contextual and socioeconomic factors. These factors are often interrelated, leading to environmental downward spirals, which increase carbon footprints through greater demands for natural resources resulting in deforestation and forest degradation

Presupuesto General de la empresa Materiales San Roque

Establecer el presupuesto general que permita la estructuración financiera de la empresa Materiales San Roque.En este documento se muestra una proyecto de investigación enfocado en ofrecer una solución apropiada al problema descubierto en la empresa Materiales San Roque dedicada al comercio de aglomerados, tableros enchapados, MDF Melamínicos y Tríplex, ya que al no tener un sistema contable, realizar el manejo de la empresa de manera desordenada y contrariamente de su práctica empírica, en los diversos procesos muestra irregularidades y deficiencias en la estructura financiera por la negligencia e informalidad en el manejo de la información, lo que conlleva a que la empresa no posea un sistema contable y tesorería adecuados. Por lo tanto, se realizará un análisis de la situación financiera de la empresa en los últimos dos años 2019 y 2020, elaborando un diagnóstico mediante el análisis de los Estados Financieros y cálculo de los respectivos indicadores financieros que permitan conocer los problemas causa – efecto que han venido sucediendo y a su vez han afectado las decisiones empresariales; empleando para esto el diseño del Presupuesto en las áreas de ventas, producción y gastos, que contribuyan como solución para la continuidad de la empresa y sea el inicio de una estructuración financiera que sirva para sacarla de la situación en la que se encuentra actualmente. Los resultados alcanzados del análisis de la situación financiera de los años 2019 y 2020 permitirán generar políticas presupuestales con el fin de optimizar los recursos de Materiales San Roque, objetivos necesarios para perfeccionar el negocio hacia el corto, mediano y largo plazo, elaborando las proyecciones financieras precisas.This document shows a research project focused on offering an appropriate solution to the problem discovered in the company Materiales San Roque dedicated to the trade of chipboard, veneered boards, MDF Melamine and Triplex, since not having an accounting system, The management of the company in a disorderly manner and contrary to its empirical practice, in the various processes shows irregularities and deficiencies in the financial structure due to negligence and informality in the management of information, which leads to the fact that the company does not have an adequate accounting system and treasury. Therefore, an analysis of the financial situation of the company in the last two years 2019 and 2020 will be made, developing a diagnosis through the analysis of the Financial Statements and calculation of the respective financial indicators that allow to know the cause-effect problems that have been happening and in turn have affected business decisions; using for this the design of the Budget in the areas of sales, production and expenses, which contribute as a solution for the continuity of the company and is the beginning of a financial structuring that serves to get it out of the situation in which it is currently. The results achieved from the analysis of the financial situation of the years 2019 and 2020 will allow generating budgetary policies in order to optimize the resources of Materiales San Roque, necessary objectives to improve the business towards the short, medium and long term, developing accurate financial projections

Presupuesto General de la empresa Materiales San Roque

Establecer el presupuesto general que permita la estructuración financiera de la empresa Materiales San Roque.En este documento se muestra una proyecto de investigación enfocado en ofrecer una solución apropiada al problema descubierto en la empresa Materiales San Roque dedicada al comercio de aglomerados, tableros enchapados, MDF Melamínicos y Tríplex, ya que al no tener un sistema contable, realizar el manejo de la empresa de manera desordenada y contrariamente de su práctica empírica, en los diversos procesos muestra irregularidades y deficiencias en la estructura financiera por la negligencia e informalidad en el manejo de la información, lo que conlleva a que la empresa no posea un sistema contable y tesorería adecuados. Por lo tanto, se realizará un análisis de la situación financiera de la empresa en los últimos dos años 2019 y 2020, elaborando un diagnóstico mediante el análisis de los Estados Financieros y cálculo de los respectivos indicadores financieros que permitan conocer los problemas causa – efecto que han venido sucediendo y a su vez han afectado las decisiones empresariales; empleando para esto el diseño del Presupuesto en las áreas de ventas, producción y gastos, que contribuyan como solución para la continuidad de la empresa y sea el inicio de una estructuración financiera que sirva para sacarla de la situación en la que se encuentra actualmente. Los resultados alcanzados del análisis de la situación financiera de los años 2019 y 2020 permitirán generar políticas presupuestales con el fin de optimizar los recursos de Materiales San Roque, objetivos necesarios para perfeccionar el negocio hacia el corto, mediano y largo plazo, elaborando las proyecciones financieras precisas.This document shows a research project focused on offering an appropriate solution to the problem discovered in the company Materiales San Roque dedicated to the trade of chipboard, veneered boards, MDF Melamine and Triplex, since not having an accounting system, The management of the company in a disorderly manner and contrary to its empirical practice, in the various processes shows irregularities and deficiencies in the financial structure due to negligence and informality in the management of information, which leads to the fact that the company does not have an adequate accounting system and treasury. Therefore, an analysis of the financial situation of the company in the last two years 2019 and 2020 will be made, developing a diagnosis through the analysis of the Financial Statements and calculation of the respective financial indicators that allow to know the cause-effect problems that have been happening and in turn have affected business decisions; using for this the design of the Budget in the areas of sales, production and expenses, which contribute as a solution for the continuity of the company and is the beginning of a financial structuring that serves to get it out of the situation in which it is currently. The results achieved from the analysis of the financial situation of the years 2019 and 2020 will allow generating budgetary policies in order to optimize the resources of Materiales San Roque, necessary objectives to improve the business towards the short, medium and long term, developing accurate financial projections

To what extent have the links between ecosystem services and human well-being been researched in Africa, Asia, and Latin America?

Most studies to date assume that there are multiple relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being, but there are few studies that quantify these relationships. Our objectives were: (1) to investigate the trends and understudied areas within ecosystem services and well-being research; and (2) within these general trends, to analyze to what extent the linkages between ecosystem services and well-being presented in empirical research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were part of a tested hypothesis, and to assess which conceptual frameworks were used in understanding this interface. The results of this study highlighted that most publications assumed that ecosystem services and well-being were interlinked but did not analyze their relationship as part of the hypothesis to test. While different frameworks on well-being were adopted by empirical research, only one out of the 29 post-Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) conceptual frameworks that illustrate the linkages between ecosystem services and well-being was documented, and most case studies adopted the MEA. Finally, trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and disaggregated well-being were understudied. Considering these knowledge gaps in future studies will help empirical ecosystem services research to simultaneously contribute to improved well-being and environmental sustainability when applied at multiple policy or institutional levels. (Résumé d'auteur

He says, she says: ecosystem services and gender among indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon

Although it has been hypothesized that men and women vary in the way they value ecosystem services, research on ecosystem services rarely incorporates a gender dimension. We conducted research with nine indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon to understand which ecosystem services men and women perceive as most important for their wellbeing and to rank them according to locally-defined criteria of importance. Participants identified a total of 26 ecosystem services and 20 different ranking criteria. Ecosystem services such as land for agricultural fields (a supporting service), and provision of fish and medicinal plants were equally important for both men and women. Wild fruits and resources to make handicrafts were more frequently mentioned by women, whereas timber, materials for making tools and coca leaves were more frequently mentioned by men. There were also differences in the criteria used to value ecosystem services, with 11 criteria mentioned by both men and women, five mentioned exclusively by women and another four only by men. Our results suggest that taking gender differences into account in ecosystem services assessments may result in the prioritization of different services in conservation and sustainable development programs, and may lead to different outcomes for ecosystem service provision and local livelihoods.</p

Toward a deforestation-free cocoa supply chain in Colombia

This policy brief sheds light on the incentives that can promote deforestation-free cocoa production in Colombia. It proposes steps that decision-makers can take to support Colombia’s vision of a zero-deforestation cocoa supply chain

Hacia una cadena de suministro de cacao libre de deforestación en Colombia

El presente documento de políticas en síntesis brinda claridad acerca de los incentivos que pueden promover la producción de cacao libre de deforestación en Colombia. Propone pasos que pueden adoptar los tomadores de decisiones para apoyar la visión de Colombia de una cadena de suministro de cacao con cero deforestación

Farmscape composition and livelihood sustainability in deforested landscapes of Colombian Amazonia

In this article, we operationalized a sustainability framing based on the Sustainable Rural Livelihood Resources Framework (SLF), which consists of five capitals—human, physical, social, financial, and natural. We proposed a sustainability index (SI) for two landscapes dominated by two agricultural systems: cattle ranching and small-scale family agriculture. Farm variables within each capital were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. Key variables were identified and index values were calculated for each capital. These were combined through a set of simultaneous equations to estimate farm-specific capitals and SI from the observed farm variables. Principal component and cluster analyses were used to group the farms according to their index scores and to further compare their characteristics. Furthermore, with the purpose of comparing the index scoring with an independent metric, a landscape indicator, which comes from a continuous forest, was calculated. From the results, the capitals that contributed to a higher SI score the most were financial and physical. As cattle ranching was associated with higher economic returns and infrastructure investments, this livelihood was identified as the most sustainable. Yet, cattle ranching has been a deforestation driver in the region. These results are attributed to the current conceptual framework design, which gives greater weight to material and economic variables; therefore, it generates a weak sustainability measure. Although the framework allowed us to identify land-use alternatives that could improve SI scores (i.e., silvopastoral systems), corrections to the proposed framework and methodological approach will need to include additional environmental benefits currently unaccounted for. Farmers that use their farms for conservation purposes should be recognized and compensated. An improved environmentally focused SI operational framework could help to endorse and promote sustainable livelihoods and to generate a strong sustainability measure

Carbon footprints of forest degradation and deforestation by “basic-needs populations”: a review

Forest conversion caused by subsistence or “basic needs populations” is difficult to track and measure. As the dynamics of these populations change over time, their carbon footprint impacts on natural resources also change. To reduce their potential negative impacts on forest resources, it is critical to understand what underlying causes influence their livelihoods practices. A systematic review was conducted to search for common basic needs livelihoods that result in forest loss and degradation, and thus in carbon footprint changes. Livelihood activities were grouped into seven themes (animal husbandry, crop production, fishing, illegal practices, non-timber forest products, and wood harvest). Under these themes, a non-comprehensive list of 25 activities was combined with “deforestation” and “forest degradation” as search terms in Scopus and Web of ScienceTM. A two-level snowball sampling procedure was applied to the resulting screened publications. The review produced 2200 outputs, with a final sample of 101 articles and 161 basic needs communities described. The results show that wood harvesting and crop production were the most common livelihood activities engaged in by basic needs populations. Population pressure and alternative income sources were frequently mentioned as underlying causes influencing deforestation and forest degradation and likely affecting carbon footprints through land cover change. Often considered sustainable, livelihood activities by basic needs populations can become unsustainable in response to changes in contextual and socioeconomic factors. These factors are often interrelated, leading to environmental downward spirals, which increase carbon footprints through greater demands for natural resources resulting in deforestation and forest degradation

5 major achievements of the Sustainable Land Use Systems (SLUS) Project in Colombia

The SLUS Project has been generated evidence on the links between climate action and peacebuilding. During its implementation, four tools have been developed, enhanced spaces for zero-deforestation dialogues in conflict-affected areas that contributed to capacity building for sustainable agricultural production and research