Observações sobre a mudança tecnológica em Schumpeter

Este trabalho apresenta a visão schumpeteriana do processo econômico, que destaca o papel das inovações como elemento crucial da dinâmica capitalista.  Entre os vários temas enfatizados, explorou-se particularmente a naturezada mudança tecnológica, as características da competição schumpeteriana e da destruição criadora. Foi feita uma rápida comparação da abordagem schumpeteriana com a neoclássica e marxistaThis paper shows the schumpeterian view of economic process, where the innovation plays a crucial role in the capitalist dynamics. It stressed many themes, particularly the nature of schumpeterian competition and creative destruction. Finally, there is a brief comparison of the schumpeterian approach with the neoclassical and marxist traditions

Evolução tecnológica no setor de máquinas de processar cereais: um estudo de caso

This paper treats the technological evolution of a firm that produces cereal processing machinery. It details the substancial technological change thatocurred in the productive process and in the final products in a period of more than fifty years, following the transformation of a small workshop in a productive unit that employed more than 500 persons in the end of the period. The process of technological change was characterized by small and gradual changes, frequently generated inside the firm, which enabled the firm to master increasingly sofisticated technologies, and reduing the tecnological gap to the international frontier. The labor productivity increased during this period, reflecting a long process of learning.Este trabalho trata da evolução tecnológica de uma firma produtora de máquinas para processar cereais. Detalha asubstancial mudança tecnológica de processo e produto ocorrida ao longo de mais de 50 anos, acompanhando a transformação de uma pequena oficina em uma unidade que empregava mais de 500 pessoas no final do período. O processo de mudança tecnológica caracterizou-se por pequenos avanços graduais, frequentemente gerados pela própria firma, capacitando-a a dominar tecnologias cada vez mais sofisticadas, aproximando-se bastante da fronteira tecnológica internacional. A produtividade da mão-de-obra elevou-se no pen'odo, refletindo um longo processo de aprendizagem.

Notas sobre a mudança tecnológica no setor de máquinas ferramentas no Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho é consolidar as informações geradas por cinco estudos de casos realizados junto a empresas do setor de máquinas ferramentas do Brasil

Impact assessment of innovation tax incentives in Brazil

Purpose - This paper evaluates the effects of tax incentives on business innovation in Brazil that were established by Law 11,196/05 (the ‘Fiscal Incentives Law’) to test whether they have had a positive impact on beneficiary firms’ innovation input and output and on their performance.Design/methodology/approach – The policy impacts are estimated using microdata on 13,706 firms available in the 2008 and 2011 editions of the Brazilian Innovation Survey (PINTEC) and by applying propensity score matching with difference-in-differences.Findings - The results suggest a positive and statistically significant impact of the policy on research and development (R&D) expenditures (average of approximately US$ 264,000 in 2011), the number of research staff (average of five researchers), and total employment (approximately 5% of the beneficiary firms’ mean size). However, no impact was found on the overall spending on innovative activities, the percentage of sales and exports from new products, net revenue, or net revenue per employee.Practical implications – The findings provide empirical support in favor of tax incentives as a policy tool to boost business innovation in the country. However, the absence of significant effects on innovative activities expenditures and on most indicators of innovation output and firms’ performance reveals shortcomings of the policy that need to be addressed.Originality/value – The study complements and advances the findings of previous studies by assessing policy impact on total innovative activities expenditures and on innovation output and firm performance

As patentes brasileiras de 1830 a 1891

This paper shows a sistematization of the data for granted patents from 1830 to 1891 in Brazil and, it argues that there is a strict relationship between those patents and the contemporary productive structure. At the same time, it is suggested a relationship between the number and diversification of patents and, the scientific-technological development of Brazil or in some cases, from abroad due to the internationalization of the national system of patents. The paper comprises four sections. In the first, it is made a survey of the literature on technological innovation. The second section shows a brief account on the evolution of the national and international legislation of patents for the chosen period of time. In the third section, after a characterizing the economic structure of Brazil on the ninetenth century, it is analyzed its relationship with the granted patents. Finally, it will be shown some conclusions and implications from the previous sections.Este trabalho apresenta uma sistematização dos dados de registros de patentes no Brasil, no período de 1830 a 1891, e procura mostrar que existe uma estreita relação entre as patentes registradas e a estrutura produtiva prevalecente. Ao mesmo tempo, sugere-se uma relação entre o número e a diversificação das patentes e o desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico do país, e, em alguns casos, do exterior, em face da internacionalização do sistema de patentes do país. O trabalho está dividido em quatro segções. Na primeira e feita uma revisão da literatura de inovações tecnológicas quanto ao patenteamento e sua relação com as atividades produtivas e inventivas; a seguir, faz-se um breve resumo da evolução da legislação sobre patenteamento no Brasil e no exterior no período analisado. Na terceira seção caracteriza-se a estrutura econômica do país no século XIX e analisa-se sua relação com os registros de patentes. Por último, apresentam-se algumas conclusões e implicações da análise.

Inhibitors of the 5-lipoxygenase arachidonic acid pathway induce ATP release and ATP-dependent organic cation transport in macrophages

AbstractWe have previously described that arachidonic acid (AA)-5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolism inhibitors such as NDGA and MK886, inhibit cell death by apoptosis, but not by necrosis, induced by extracellular ATP (ATPe) binding to P2X7 receptors in macrophages. ATPe binding to P2X7 also induces large cationic and anionic organic molecules uptake in these cells, a process that involves at least two distinct transport mechanisms: one for cations and another for anions. Here we show that inhibitors of the AA-5-LO pathway do not inhibit P2X7 receptors, as judged by the maintenance of the ATPe-induced uptake of fluorescent anionic dyes. In addition, we describe two new transport phenomena induced by these inhibitors in macrophages: a cation-selective uptake of fluorescent dyes and the release of ATP. The cation uptake requires secreted ATPe, but, differently from the P2X7/ATPe-induced phenomena, it is also present in macrophages derived from mice deficient in the P2X7 gene. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and of the AA-cyclooxygenase pathway did not induce the cation uptake. The uptake of non-organic cations was investigated by measuring the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by Fura-2 fluorescence. NDGA, but not MK886, induced an increase in [Ca2+]i. Chelating Ca2+ ions in the extracellular medium suppressed the intracellular Ca2+ signal without interfering in the uptake of cationic dyes. We conclude that inhibitors of the AA-5-LO pathway do not block P2X7 receptors, trigger the release of ATP, and induce an ATP-dependent uptake of organic cations by a Ca2+- and P2X7-independent transport mechanism in macrophages

Resenha Bibliográfica

BUARQUE DE HOLLANDA FILHO, Sérgio. Os Desafios da Indústria Automobilística. A Crise da Modernização.Sao Paulo: IPE-USP, 1996, 231 p