Satellite Temperature Monitoring and Prediction System

This system used data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) to derive and display surface temperature distributions throughout peninsular Florida on cold nights. These distributions, in conjunction with ground meteorological data, provide inputs to mathematical models which predict temperature distributions up to 10 hours in advance. This system is being developed by scientists at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) in cooperation with and sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center (KSC) supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service (NWS). The system has been installed in the NWS facility at Ruskin, Florida, and has been operated in an experimental mode by NWS forecasters for the past three winters. The primary purpose of the system is to provide a tool for use by NWS weather forecasters to permit more timely more complete and more accurate temperature data for use by agricultural interests on nights when their crops are threatened by a cold wave. This better information can result in more timely decisions in the use of frost protection techniques thus deriving substantial benefits in terms of cost savings and crops protected and salvaged

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Combatendo nazistas e mosquitos: militares norte-americanos no Nordeste brasileiro (1941-45) Fighting nazis and mosquitoes: US military men in Northeastern Brazil (1941-1945)

Este artigo analisa as relações entre malária e guerra, através das políticas de controle da doença executadas nas bases militares norte-americanas estabelecidas no Brasil durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O estudo de caso das três mais importantes bases, em Belém, Recife e Natal, mostra como a malária pode transformar-se numa questão de segurança político-militar. O caso de Natal permite-nos avaliar os preconceitos, desconfianças políticas e tensões nacionalistas entre brasileiros e norte-americanos.<br>Malaria-control policies enforced at US military bases set up in Brazil during World War II serve as an example in this analysis of the associations between disease and war. Case studies of the three main US bases (located in Belém, Recife, and Natal) show how malaria can be transformed into a matter of political-military security. An examination of the Natal case allows the reader to perceive the prejudices, political mistrust, and nationalistic tensions marking relations between the Brazilians and Americans