Margaret of Anjou : tradition and revision : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University

Introduction: The Sources A broad consensus on the political activities of Margaret of Anjou exists in the scholarship of the late twentieth century; unfortunately it continues to be influenced by the traditional view of a virago who interfered in politics and encouraged faction in Lancastrian England. There are a number of reasons for this, not least that there is no detailed scholarly study of the queen1 1 A complete list of biographies of Margaret of Anjou is given in the bibliography. cf. T.F. Tout, 'Margaret of Anjou,' for a pithy and accurate commentary on Margaret's early biographers. Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 12, London: Oxford University Press, 1917. Originally published 1893. because she has been of peripheral interest to historians of Henry VI and the Wars of the Roses, although it is generally agreed that her participation was important, perhaps crucial; that she dominated her weak and compliant husband, Henry VI, and attempted to rule England herself, preferring factional government and civil war to reconciliation and rule by a representative council of lords under the king. Margaret of Anjou is not a sympathetic character, although she is sometimes portrayed as a tragic one. She has been savaged by Shakespeare from whom there is no appeal.2 2 Henry VI Part 3, Act 1, Scene 4: The Duke of York to Margaret of Anjou: 'She-wolf of France, but worse than wolves of France, Whose tongue more poisons than the adder's tooth!' 'O tiger's heart wrapp'd in a woman's hide!' 'But you are more inhuman, more inexorable - O, ten times more - than tigers of Hyrcania.' Margaret then stabs York and orders that his head be cut off. She was on the losing side of a struggle in which her Yorkist opponents were masters of the art of propaganda. The portrait of Margaret in the Yorkist chronicles has, in the main, been accepted by English authorities. 3 Patricia-Ann Lee, 'Reflections of Power: Margaret of Anjou and the Dark Side of Queenship,' Renaissance Quarterly, 39, (Summer 1986), for a concise, but not always accurate, summary of the views of English historians. French writers are a little kinder, since Margaret was a French princess and more to be pitied than blamed for becoming the wife of Henry VI. The Burgundians are less tolerant as they were allies of Edward IV and their chronicles reflect an Anglo-Burgundian (Yorkist) rather than an Anglo-French (Lancastrian) perspective; but they display the same Yorkist gloss that colours their English counterparts. History is not kind to failure. English historians, assessing the fifteenth century from a moral and patriotic viewpoint, had no difficulty in accepting the verdict of their Tudor predecessors that Margaret was a foreign French woman who interfered in the affairs of a country she neither valued nor understood. The tradition that Margaret dominated English politics from the time of her marriage is discredited, but her part in the political clash that culminated in the Wars of the Roses is still open to debate. Was she responsible for the demise of the Lancastrian dynasty or was she a victim of circumstance as the wife of an ineffectual king, the mother of a child heir and the leader by default of those who opposed Richard of York's bid for the throne

The kinds and classes of cereal grains grown in the U. S. and methods of marketing same with special reference to grading commercially

Citation: Cron, A. B. The kinds and classes of cereal grains grown in the U. S. and methods of marketing same with special reference to grading commercially. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1908.Introduction: A cereal is any true grass that is grown for its edible seeds. There are six leading cereals in the United States which are given in the order of the area grown of each, as follows: Maize, Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Rice. Buckwheat and kafir corn are sometimes called cereals

Test and simulation results of LIVE-L4 + LIVE-L5L. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7593)

The objective of the LIVE program is to study the core melt phenomena during the late phase of core melt progression in the RPV both experimentally in large-scale 3D geometry and with CFD simulation. LIVE-L4 and LIVE-L5L experiments investigate the transient and steady state behaviors of the molten pool and the crust at the melt/vessel wall interface influenced by the several melt relocation numbers and different heat generation rate during external cooling. The melt pool behaviour and crust thickness in L4 test are calculated by CONV-code

Ferritin to Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Ratio: Simple Measure to Identify Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). Early diagnosis is critical. Classification criteria for MAS in sJIA perform less well in the setting of cytokine-directed therapies. The goal herein was to explore a simple ratio of serum ferritin to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) for diagnosis of MAS in the setting of sJIA, and to assess ferritin alone as a screening tool for identifying MAS of multiple etiologies

Results of the LIVE-L3A Experiment. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7542)

The sequence of a postulated core melt down accident in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of a pressurised water reactor (PWR) involves a large number of complex physical and chemical phenomena. The main objective of the LIVE program is to study the core melt phe-nomena during the late phase of core melt progression in the RPV both experimentally in large-scale 3D geometry in supporting separate-effects tests and analytically using CFD codes in order to provide a reasonable estimate of the remaining uncertainty band under the aspect of safety assessment. The main objective of the LIVE-L3A experiment was to investigate the behaviour of the mol-ten pool and the formation of the crust at the melt/vessel wall interface influenced by the melt relocation position and initial cooling conditions. The test conditions in the LIVE- L3A test were similar to the LIVE-L3 test except the initial cooling conditions. In both tests the melt was poured near to the vessel wall. In the LIVE-L3 test the vessel was initially cooled by air and then by water; in the LIVE-L3A test the vessel was cooled by water already at the start of the experiment. The information obtained in the test includes horizontal and vertical heat flux distribution through the RPV wall, crust growth velocity and dependence of the crust properties on the crust growth velocity and cooling conditions. Supporting post-test analysis contributes to the characterization of solidification processes of binary non-eutectic melts. The results of the LIVE-L3 and LIVE-L3A tests are compared in order to characterize the impact of transient cooling condition on the crust solidification characteristics and melt pool behaviour including interface temperature, time to reach thermal hydraulic steady-state and the steady-state heat flux distribution. The report summarizes the objectives of the LIVE program and presents the main results obtained in the LIVE-L3A test compared to the LIVE-L3 test

Live experiments on melt pool heat transfer in the reactor pressure vessel lower head

Paper presented to the 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Florida, 14-16 July 2014.The main objective of the LIVE program at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is to study the core melt phenomena both experimentally in large-scale 2D and 3D geometry and in supporting separate-effects tests in order to provide a reasonable estimate of the remaining uncertainty band under the aspect of safety assessment. Within the LIVE experimental program several tests have been performed with water and with non-eutectic melts (mixture of KNO3 and NaNO3) as simulant fluids to study the heat flux distribution in the conditions when the melt pool is covered by water from the top. The tests were performed in LIVE-3D and LIVE-2D facilities using different simulant materials and under different external cooling condition. The upward and downward heat transfer was compared between the 2D and 3D geometries. Although similar heat flux distribution through the vessel wall is observed for LIVE-3D and LIVE-2D tests, LIVE-2D test results have shown higher heat transfer from the top of the melt pool as compared to the LIVE-3D tests and to results from previous studies. Using water as simulant material resulted in a lower heat transfer both to the top of the pool and to the vessel wall. The outcomes of the LIVE top-cooling tests provide new insights for the evaluation of the established Nu-Ra correlations. The results of these experiments allow a direct comparison with findings obtained earlier in other experimental programs (SIMECO, ACOPO, BALI, etc.) and are used for the assessment of the correlations derived for the molten pool behavior. Besides the investigation of molten pool heat transfer behavior, melting process of debris in the reactor lower plenum after relocation of liquid melt in a large scale hemispherical geometry is also investigated in LIVE-3D facility using a noneutectic nitrate to simulate the debris bed material. Two experiments have been performed with different volume of the relocated liquid melt. The onset of melting, the form and the volume of the melt pool and the timing of important events during the melting process were identified.cf201

The LIVE-L1 and LIVE-L3 experiments on melt behaviour in RPV lower head

Die Experimente LIVE-L1 und LIVE-L3 zum Schmelzenverhalten im unteren Plenum des RDB Der Ablauf eines hypothetischen Kernschmelzunfalls in einem Reaktordruckbehälter (RDB) eines Druckwasserreaktors (DWR) beinhaltet eine große Anzahl komplexer physikalischer und chemischer Phänomene. Um das Verständnis über mögliche Ablaufszenarien von Kernschmelzunfällen bezüglich Kernzerstörung zu verbessern, wurde im September 2002 das LACOMERA Projekt am Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe gestartet. Das Ziel des Projektes war die Untersuchung von komplexen Prozessen während der Schmelzenseebildung und Verlagerung im RDB, Schmelzenausbreitung in die Reaktorgrube und Kernschmelze-Betonwechselwirkung und -Kühlung. Das LACOMERA Projekt mit einer Laufzeit von 4 Jahren war Bestandteil des 5. Rahmenprogramms der EU und eröffnete Forschungseinrichtungen der EU Mitgliedsländer und deren angegliederten Staaten den Zugang zu vier Großversuchsanlagen QUENCH, LIVE, DISCO und COMET am Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Innerhalb des LIVE Versuchsprogramms wurden zwei Versuche (LIVE-L1 und LIVE-L2) des LACOMERA Projekts durchgeführt. Das Experiment LIVE-L1 ist Bestandteil dieses Berichts und wurde in Kooperation mit der Technischen Universität Sofia, Bulgarien und dem Kernkraftwerk Kozloduy NPP, Bulgarien geplant und durchgeführt. Das Hauptziel des LIVE Programms ist es, das Verhalten der Kernschmelze während der späten Phase der Kernzerstörung und –Verlagerung im RDB sowohl experimentell in großem 3-dimensionalen Maßstab und in begleitenden Einzeleffektuntersuchungen als auch analytisch mit CFD Codes zu untersuchen. Dadurch soll eine bessere Einschätzung der Bandbreite der verbleibenden Unsicherheiten unter dem Aspekt der Sicherheitsbewertung ermöglicht werden. Die Experimente LIVE-L1 und LIVE-L3 untersuchen das Verhalten eines Schmelzensees und einer Schmelzenkruste mit Luftzirkulation an der äußeren Behälterwand des RDB mit nachfolgender Außenflutung des unteren Plenums. Die Anfangs- und Randbedingungen in beiden Versuchen waren bis auf die Eingussposition der Schmelze in den Versuchsbehälter fast identisch. In LIVE-L1 wurde die Schmelze zentral und in LIVE-L3 am Rand in den Versuchsbehälter eingegossen. Die aus den Experimenten gewonnenen Informationen beinhal-ten Wärmestromverteilungen durch die Wand des RDB in transienten und stationären Versuchsphasen, Krustenwachstumsgeschwindigkeit und die Abhängigkeit der Krustenbildung von der Wärmestromverteilung. Detaillierte Nachuntersuchungen tragen außerdem zur Charakterisierung von Erstarrungsprozessen von nicht-eutektischen Schmelzen bei. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse sollen weiterhin zur Entwicklung von mechanistischen Modellen verwendet werden, die das Schmelzenseeverhalten im Kern beschreiben sollen und dann in Systemcodes zur Analyse von schweren Störfällen wie z.B. ASTEC implementiert werden sollen. Der vorliegende Bericht fasst die Ziele des LIVE Versuchsprogramms zusammen und präsentiert die wichtigen Ergebnisse der Experimente LIVE-L1 und LIVE-L3