Evaluation of surfactant activity and emulsifying of Pea protein isolate (Pisum sativum L.) obtained by the spray dryer

This study evaluates the biosurfactant activity and emulsification ability of pea proteins isolated (Pisum sativumL.). The results showed that aqueous solutions containing the pea proteins isolated (PPI) reduce thewater surface tension to 47mN/m, approximately. The use of spray dryer does not change the surfactant activityof the PPI because surface tension and CMC will not change. The PPI is thermally stable and can beused in processes that require temperatures between 4°C and 80°C, as industrial processes such as baking, icecream and other formulation. The protein isolate and pea assessed emulsions with toluene and n-heptanewere stable. Emulsions castor and linseed oil were not stable under the conditions reported in this paper.Therefore, despite the pea protein isolate is a surfactant it cannot be used in any industrial process. Both thefood industry and in the biotechnology industry should evaluate the conditions for application of protein isolatesfrom pea.Keywords: biosurfactant; vegetable protein; globulin; spray dryer; pea protein isolated

Basal Metabolic Rate of Adolescent Modern Pentathlon Athletes: Agreement between Indirect Calorimetry and Predictive Equations and the Correlation with Body Parameters

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>The accurate estimative of energy needs is crucial for an optimal physical performance among athletes and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) equations often are not well adjusted for adolescent athletes requiring the use of specific methods, such as the golden standard indirect calorimetry (IC). Therefore, we had the aim to analyse the agreement between the BMR of adolescents pentathletes measured by IC and estimated by commonly used predictive equations.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Twenty-eight athletes (17 males and 11 females) were evaluated for BMR, using IC and the predictive equations Harris and Benedict (HB), Cunningham (CUN), Henry and Rees (HR) and FAO/WHO/UNU (FAO). Body composition was obtained using DXA and sexual maturity data were retrieved through validated questionnaires. The correlations among anthropometric variables an IC were analysed by T-student test and ICC, while the agreement between IC and the predictive equations was analysed according to Bland and Altman and by survival-agreement plotting.</p><p>Results</p><p>The whole sample average BMR measured by IC was significantly different from the estimated by FAO (p<0.05). Adjusting data by gender FAO and HR equations were statistically different from IC (p <0.05) among males, while female differed only for the HR equation (p <0.05).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The FAO equation underestimated athletes’ BMR when compared with IC (T Test). When compared to the golden standard IC, using Bland and Altman, ICC and Survival-Agreement, the equations underestimated the energy needs of adolescent pentathlon athletes up to 300kcal/day. Therefore, they should be used with caution when estimating individual energy requirements in such populations.</p></div

Survival-agreement plot for indirect calorimetry and predictive equations.

<p>Survival-agreement plot for indirect calorimetry and predictive equations.</p

Bland and Altman scatter plots for male and female.

<p>(A) FAO; (B) Harris and Benedict; (C) Henry and Rees and (D) Cunningham. The dashed lines represent the mean bias and 95% limits of agreement of the raw data. Filled dots represent males and opened dots represent female individuals.</p

Basal metabolic rate (Kcal.day-1) of the studied sample, measured (IC) and estimated by the equations (FAO, HB, HR and CUN), (n = 28).

<p>Basal metabolic rate (Kcal.day-1) of the studied sample, measured (IC) and estimated by the equations (FAO, HB, HR and CUN), (n = 28).</p

Main Characteristics of Modern Pentathlon athletes, according to the gender (n = 28); X±SD.

<p>Main Characteristics of Modern Pentathlon athletes, according to the gender (n = 28); X±SD.</p

Predictive equations given in their original unit (kcal/day).

<p>BM: Body Mass in kilogram (Kg); H: Height in centimeters (cm); A: Age in years; FFM: Free Fat Mass in kilogram (Kg)</p><p>Predictive equations given in their original unit (kcal/day).</p