Elevated hematocrit enhances platelet accumulation following vascular injury

Red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrate procoagulant properties in vitro, and elevated hematocrit is associated with reduced bleeding and increased thrombosis risk in humans. These observations suggest RBCs contribute to thrombus formation. However, effects of RBCs on thrombosis are difficult to assess because humans and mice with elevated hematocrit typically have coexisting pathologies. Using an experimental model of elevated hematocrit in healthy mice, we measured effects of hematocrit in 2 in vivo clot formation models. We also assessed thrombin generation, platelet-thrombus interactions, and platelet accumulation in thrombi ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico. Compared with controls, mice with elevated hematocrit (RBCHIGH) formed thrombi at a faster rate and had a shortened vessel occlusion time. Thrombi in control and RBCHIGH mice did not differ in size or fibrin content, and there was no difference in levels of circulating thrombin-antithrombin complexes. In vitro, increasing the hematocrit increased thrombin generation in the absence of platelets; however, this effect was reduced in the presence of platelets. In silico, direct numerical simulations of whole blood predicted elevated hematocrit increases the frequency and duration of interactions between platelets and a thrombus.Whenhumanwhole blood was perfused over collagen at arterial shear rates, elevating the hematocrit increased the rate of platelet deposition and thrombus growth. These data suggest RBCs promote arterial thrombosis by enhancing platelet accumulation at the site of vessel injury. Maintaining a normal hematocrit may reduce arterial thrombosis risk in humans

Sanguinicola maritimus n. sp (Digenea : Sanguinicolidae) from Labridae (Teleostei : Perciformes) of southern Australian waters

A new species of Sanguinicola Plehn, 1905 is described from the marine teleosts Notolabrus parilus (Richardson) and N. tetricus (Richardson) (Perciformes: Labridae) from Western Australian and Tasmanian waters. This host distribution is strikingly anomalous; however, the present material fulfils the morphological criteria of Sanguinicola. S. maritimus n. sp. differs from previously described species in having the combination of a body 1,432-1,701 mu m long, the oesophagus 18.3-21.7% of the body length, the testis occupying 42.8-52.3% of the body length, an oviducal seminal receptacle and Mehlis' gland present, ovoid eggs, and vitelline follicles that extend anteriorly past the nerve commissure, laterally past the lateral nerve chords and posteriorly to the anterior margin of the cirrus-sac. S. maritimus also lacks a protrusible anterior proboscis. It also differs in the combination of host and geographical location, being the first Sanguinicola species from a marine teleost and the first from Australian waters

Phylogeny, evolution and biogeography of the Quadrifoliovariinae Yamaguti, 1965 (Digenea : Lecithasteridae)

The Quadrifoliovariinae is revised and three new species of Quadrifoliovarium Yamaguit, 1965 from acanthurid fishes of the genus Naso from waters of the Indo-Pacific are described: Q, maceria n. sp. from N. tonganus, N. annulatus, N. fageni and N. brevirostris; Q. simplex n. sp. from N. tonganus and N. quannulatus; and Q. quattuordecim n. sp. from N. tonganus. Amendments are made to the characterisation of the Quadrifoliovariinae, Quadrifoliovarium, Bilacinia Manter, 1969 and Unilacinia Manter, 1969 in light of observations on type and new material. A molecular phylogeny based on ITS2 and 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA is proposed. The phylogeny suggests that U. asymmetrica is the most basal taxon and Q. simplex n. sp. and Q. quattuordecim n. sp. the most derived. Evolution of morphological traits within the Quadrifoliovariinae are discussed in light of the molecular phylogeny. Molecular sequences of the ITS2 rDNA were identical between specimens of Q. pritchardae collected off Exmouth (Indian Ocean), Heron Island and Lizard Island (Western Pacific) and Moorea (far Eastern Indo-Pacific), indicating a broad Indo-Pacific distribution. All members of the subfamily are recorded only from the acanthurid genus Naso, with the exception of B. lobatum (Yamaguti, 1970), which has been recorded from a pomacanthid. The restricted host range of the group is discussed in the light of the phylogeny of the host genus Naso

Characterization and phylogenetic affinities of the red alga Chondrophycus flagelliferus (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) from Brazil on the basis of morphological and molecular evidence

© 2006 International Phycological SocietyA detailed study of the vegetative and reproductive morphology of Chondrophycus flagelliferus from Brazil is provided. The species possesses axial segments, each bearing two periaxial cells, a situation characteristic for the genus Chondrophycus. Within Chondrophycus, C. flagelliferus belongs to the subgenus Palisadi, section Palisadi, on the basis of the presence of a palisade-like outer cortical cell layer as seen in transverse sections of branchlets; the absence of secondary pit connections between cortical cells; the fertile periaxial cell with two pre-sporangial cover cells, the tetrasporangium initial and the post-sporangial cover cell that will develop into the corticating system; and the right-angled tetrasporangial arrangement. The phylogenetic position of this species within Laurencia sensu lato is inferred from parsimony and Bayesian analyses of chloroplast-encoded rbcL sequences from 39 Rhodomelaceae using two Ceramiaceae as the out-group. This study corroborates the taxonomic decision to split Laurencia sensu lato in the genera Laurencia, Chondrophycus and Osmundea, and indicates that rbcL provides sufficient phylogenetic signal to infer species-level relationships within the Laurencia sensu lato complex. Synapomorphic morphological characters uniting Laurencia and Chondrophycus include the same origin of the spermatangial filaments and tetrasporangia. The principal character separating both genera is the number of periaxial cells per vegetative axial segment. We hypothesize that the ancestor of the Laurencia sensu lato complex most likely possessed two periaxial cells per axial segment. The molecular data indicate that C. flagelliferus is closely related to the C. papillosus complex, and that, as originally described, C. translucidus belongs in the genus Laurencia.Mutue T. Fujii, Silvia M.P.B. Guimaràes, Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel, and Suzanne Frederic

A revision of Cladophoropsis borgesen (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)

A reassessment of the genus Cladophoropsis results in the recognition of six morphospecies: C. macromeres, C. magna, C. membranacea, C. philippinensis, C. sundanensis and C. vaucheriiformis. The emended genus Cladophoropsis is characterized by mat- or cushion-forming plants attached to the substratum by tenacular cells or by rhizoids that sprout from the proximal pole of the basal cells or are formed in any part of the thallus, cell division by centripetal wall ingrowths or occasionally segregative, cells producing a single lateral but older cells occasionally producing secondary laterals, cross walls at the base of the laterals either absent or their formation markedly delayed and reinforcement of the thallus by entangling of the filaments or by anastomosis of adjacent filaments by tenacular cells. The different species are distinguished from each other based on thallus structure, mode of cell division, organization of branch systems, mode of thallus attachment and reinforcement, shape and dimensions of the cells and shape of the crystalline cell inclusions. Twenty Cladophoropsis species are excluded from the genus, including the widely distributed Indo-Pacific species C. herpestica and C. javanica, which have been found to be unrelated to other Cladophoropsis species but instead allied with species of the Cladophora section Longi-articulatae. Phylogenetic studies based on molecular data have furthermore demonstrated that Cladophoropsis is closely related to Boodlea, Phyllodictyon, Struveopsis, Struvea and Chamaedoris and that the genus probably does not form a natural group within this genus complex. Morphologically this can be illustrated by a number of Cladophoropsis species (e.g. C. magna and C. membranacea) crossing generic boundaries by sharing common features with Chamaedoris, Boodlea, Phyllodictyon and Struvea. For the benefit of taxonomic stability, Cladophoropsis is presently maintained, awaiting additional molecular evidence