Uticaj agroekoloških faktora i hibridne kombinacije na osobine semena hibrida kukuruza

The present study encompasses the analysis of effects of agroecological conditions (year, location) and hybrid combinations on seed size, relationships between fractions (in %, small vs. large), and germination. The following four hybrids were used in the study: ZP 704, ZP 434, ZP 684, and ZP 666. The analysis covers three years (2010, 2011 and 2013), while 2012 was omitted due to poor production conditions. Furthermore, meteorological factors were also analysed and this analysis shows that years differed in the amount and distribution of precipitation. According to obtained results, the hybrid combination had a crucial effect on observed traits, but effects of agroecological factors over years and locations were also important. The most desirable relationship between small and large seed fractions was detected in the hybrid ZP 704 (88.3% vs. 11.7%). In hybrids ZP 434, ZP 666 and ZP 684, seed quality, i.e. germination was higher in the large fractions, while a quite opposite situation was recorded in the hybrid ZP 704 - small seed fractions had higher germination. Such studies should be continued, because new hybrids are constantly introduced into the production.U radu je obavljena analiza uticaja agroekoloških uslova (godina, lokacija) i hibridne kombinacije na krupnoću semena, procentualni odnos frakcija (sitne, krupne) i klijavost. Za analizu su uzete četiri hibridne kombinacije i to: hibrid ZP 704, ZP 434, ZP 684 i ZP 666. Analiza obuhvata 3 godine (2010, 2011 i 2013. god.). Godina 2012. je izostavljena zbog izuzetno loših uslova za proizvodnju semenskog kukuruza. Urađena je analiza meteoroloških faktora za navedeni period i može se zaključiti da su se godine vrlo mnogo razlikovale po visini i rasporedu padavina. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da presudan uticaj na posmatrane osobine ima hibridna kombinacija, a da je zapažen i uticaj agroekoloških faktora kroz godine i lokacije. Zaključeno je da najpoželjniji odnos sitnih i krupnih frakcija ima hibrid ZP 704, kod koga je zastupljenost sitnih frakcija 88,3%, dok je krupnih bilo 11,7%. Što se kvaliteta semena tiče kod ZP 434, ZP 666 i ZP 684 krupne frakcije su imale bolju, tj. veću klijavost. Kod hibrida ZP 704 je zabeležena obrnuta situacija - sitne frakcije su imale veću klijavost.Ovakva istraživanja treba nastaviti zbog toga što se u proizvodnju stalno uvode novi hibridi

Uticaj hibridne kombinacije na osobine semena kukuruza

In this paper the influence of hybrid on the particular traits of maize seed was examined. Four maize hybrids were tested on four locations. Analysed traits were: yield, ratio of seed fractions and germination by fractions. Yield differed among the hybrids. Hybrid ZP 427 achieved the highest yield per area unit (5,522.4 kg/ha), and ZP 434 had the lowest, with 2,357.8 kg/ha. The ratio of seed fractions differed significantly depending on the hybrid. Based on the results we can conclude that hybrid ZP 600 had the best ratio of fractions, with 76.2 % of small fraction. In all tested hybrids large fractions had higher germination efficiency. The highest average germination was observed in large fractions of hybrid ZP 666 (97.87 %), while the lowest germination was at small fractions of ZP 600 (92.38 %). On all three examined traits there was significant effect of both genotype and location, as well as their interaction.U radu je ispitivan uticaj hibrida na pojedine osobine semena kukuruza. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena četiri ZP hibrida kukuruza različite genetičke osnove, čija je proizvodnja bila na četiri lokacije. U radu je analizirana proizvodnja semena pomenutih hibrida u 2014. godini. Ispitivane su sledeće osobine: prinos, procentualni odnos krupnih i sitnih frakcija semena i klijavost po frakcijama. Dobijeni rezultati su testirani analizom varijanse, a međusobna poređenja su vršena pomoću LSD testa. Hibridi su se razlikovali po visini prinosa. Hibrid ZP 427 ostvario je najveći prosečan prinos po jedinici površine od 5.522,4 kg/ha, a najniži prinos je imao hibrid ZP 434 koji je ostvario 2.357,8 kg/ha. Procentualno učešće krupnih i sitnih frakcija bilo je vrlo različito u zavisnosti od hibrida. Hibrid ZP 427 imao je 90% krupne i 10% sitne frakcije, hibrid ZP 434 ostvario je 70,8% krupne i 29,2% sitne frakcije, kod ZP 666 zabeleženo je 44,5% krupne i 55,5% sitne frakcije i na kraju ZP 600 imao je 23,8% krupne i 76,2% sitne frakcije. Na osnovu toga se može zaključiti da je kod hibrida ZP 600 zabeležen najbolji odnos frakcija, tj. sitnih frakcija ima 76,2% što daje više setvenih jedinica po hektaru. Što se klijavosti tiče, kod svih ispitivanih hibrida, krupne frakcije su imale veći procenat klijavosti. Najviša prosečna klijavost je zabeležena kod krupne frakcije hibrida ZP 666 (97,87%), dok je najniža klijavost bila kod sitne frakcije hibrida ZP 600 (92,38%). Kod ispoljavanja sve tri ispitivane osobine značajan uticaj su imali genotip i lokacija, kao i njihova interakcija

Stabilnost prinosa novih ZP hibrida kukuruza

Six newly developed hybrids and four hybrids already widely grown during the last decade were observed in the present study. Grain yield stability parameters were estimated using methods developed by Eberhart and Russell (1966) and Lin and Binns (1988). The highest grain yield stability obtained by both parameters (bi and Pi) was recorded in hybrids ZP 606 and ZP 600. Moreover, highest average grain yield was also detected in those two hybrids. The hybrids ZP 666 and ZP 560 will have highest adaptation to more favorable growing conditions. On the other hand, hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 341 are expected to show the best adaptability to less favorable environments. A high positive correlation was found between a superiority measure (Pi) and a grain yield.U ovom radu je korišćeno šest novih hibrida, kao i četiri hibrida koji već zauzimaju velike površine u proizvodnji u zadnjih deset godina. Parametri stabilnosti prinosa su izračunati korišćenjem metoda koje su razvili Eberhart i Rasel (1966) i Lin i Bins (1988). Najviša stabilnost prinosa, na osnovu oba parametra (bi i Pi) je utvrđena kod hibrida ZP 606 i ZP 600. Najviši prosečan prinos je takođe zabeležen kod ova dva hibrida. Hibridi ZP 666 i ZP 560 pokazuju najvišu adaptabilnost na povoljnije uslove gajenja. Sa druge strane, hibridi ZP 434 i ZP 341 su pokazali bolju adaptabilnost u manje povoljnim uslovima gajenja. Visoka pozitivna korelacija je zabeležena između parametra stabilnosti Pi i prinosa zrna

Uticaj vlažnosti pri berbi na klijavost semena kukuruza

Modern maize seed drying and processing technology is applied today to ensure high quality grain. The most important factor in preserving seed quality is the moisture content. The time of harvesting, drying, storage and seed conservation is determined by the seed water quantity. At the harvesting time, a lower moisture content is desirable due to seed physiological maturity as well as consequences that may be caused during seed drying. During seed storage, water in seed is maintained at the level of latency to preserve vital seed functions, for maize it is 13-14 %. Influence of different seed moisture content, during harvesting time, on maize seed quality were studied in this research. Two physiological traits of seed were observed: seed energy and germination. Material used in this research were maize hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 666. Moisture content during harvesting time was measured after drying and primary processing, two seed sizes were obtained. From the divided seed samples were taken for laboratory tests. Harvesting was done at different seed moisture content lt 25 %, 25-30 %, 30-35 % and > 35 %. Maize cobs were dried in double-pass system drier with air temperature below 42 oC. Cob moisture is measured with moisture meter (Pfeuffer). Seed was divided into two fractions according to size using sieves with mesh sizes ranging from 6.5 - 8.3 mm and 8.4 - 11.0 mm. Seed energy and germination were determined in seed testing laboratory on working samples 4x100 seed, by standard maize germination test with ISTA Rules, and Rule on the quality of seed of agricultural plants. Experimental results were calculated on average mean and total variability (SD i C.V.) for seed energy, germination and moisture content. The three factorial analysis of variance was calculated for both germination traits (seed energy and germination), for factors: hybrid, seed sizes and seed moisture content. The results of all factors and traits had different values. The highest means of seed energy and germination in both fractions of both observed hybrids were recorded with the seed moisture content ranging from 30 to 35 %.U cilju dobijanja što kvalitetnijeg semenskog materijala, danas je u primeni savremena tehnologija dorade i sušenja semena. Jedan od osnovnih činilaca očuvanja kvaliteta semena je voda. Količina vode u semenu određuje vreme berbe, način sušenja, skladištenja i očuvanja kvaliteta semena.U vreme berbe poželjan je manji sadržaj vode, kako zbog fiziološke zrelosti semena tako i zbog posledica koje mogu biti uzrokovane dužim periodom sušenja. Za vreme čuvanja semena voda se održava na nivou latentnosti životnih funkcija, a za kukuruz to je 13-14%. U ovim istraživanjima posmatran je uticaj različitih vlažnosti semena u toku berbe na kvalitet semena. Posmatrane su dve fiziološke osobine semena: energija klijanja i klijavost. Materijal korišćen u istraživanjima su dva hibrida kukuruza ZP 434 i ZP 666. Berba je vršena sa različitom vlažnošću semena, a posle sušenja i krunjenja, iz naturalnog semenskog materijala izdvojene su dve frakcije po krupnoći. Iz podeljenog semenskog materijala izdvajani su uzorci za laboratorijsko ispitivanje semena. Berba je vršena sa različitom vlažnošću semena, koja je bila: lt 25%, 25-30%, 30-35% i sa vlažnošću većoj od 35%. Sušenje semenskog klipa obavljeno je u sušarama tipa komora sa dva prolaza fluida za sušenje klipa kukuruza na temperaturi ispod 42oC. Ulazna vlaga klipa merena je laboratorijskim uređajima za određivanje vlage Pfeuffer. Deljenje semena na dve frakcija izvršeno je po krupnoći korišćenjem sita promera 6,5-8,3 mm i 8,4-11,0 mm. Ispitivanje energije klijanja i klijavosti rađeno je u laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena na radnom uzorku 4x100 semena po standardnoj metodi na naizmeničnoj temperaturi 20-30oC po ISTA pravilima i Pravilniku o kvalitetu semena poljoprivrednog bilja. Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na srednju vrednost, standardnu devijaciju i ukupnu varijabilnost (SD i C.V.) za sve osobine semena i svaku varijantu istraživanja. Trofaktorijalna analiza varijanse urađena je za obe posmatrane osobine semena (energiju klijanja i klijavost), za faktore: hibrid, frakcija i vlažnost semena. Dobijeni rezultati po svim osnovama, pokazuju različite vrednosti. Najveća enegija klijanja i klijavost semena utvrđeni su za seme čija je vlaga u toku berbe bila 30-35% za oba ispitivana hibrida

Characterization of sunflower seed and kernel proteins

Total sunflower proteins, storage proteins, and helianthinin (11S) and 2S albumin fractions and their respective subunits in seeds and kernels of three sunflower hybrids were analyzed. Protein contents were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and coupled with densitometry. The SDS-PAGE profiles of the seed and kernel proteins in the crude extracts for all genotypes showed a very similar number of protein bands (thirty two) in the electrophoretograms. Three polypeptide groups of helianthinin fraction were detected. Two of these were acidic (α, Mw = 36,800 - 42,900 Da and α', Mw = 31,000 - 35,300 Da), while one was basic (β, Mw=21,000 - 29,600 Da). The molecular weight of the 2S albumin proteins ranged from 11,500 to 20,100 Da. According to our results, there were significant differences among the seed and kernel protein contents. The 2S albumin content was significantly higher in kernels than in whole seeds of sunflower hybrids (P lt 0.05). By contrast, the 11S helianthinin content was significantly higher in seeds (where it ranged from 61.75 to 67.70% of totally extracted proteins) than in kernels (varied from 57.36 to 61.51% of totally extracted proteins) of sunflower hybrids (P lt 0.05)

Path analysis for morphological traits in maize (Zea mays l.)

Six inbred lines were crossed according to incomplete diallel method. In this way fifteen hybrid combinations were obtained. Hybrid combinations derived from these parental components were used in this work. The objective of study was to estimate direct and indirect effects of five morphological traits on grain yield by the application of the simple coefficient correlation and path coefficient analysis. The trait number of leaves above the top ear with the value of 0.736 has the strongest direct positive effect on grain yield. Positive direct effects on grain yield were also observed for height to tassel base and plant height, while negative direct effects were observed for ear height and total number of leaves. As far as indirect effects were considered, a positive effect of the ear position height on yield over the total plant height stands out. The evaluation of the proportion of mutual effects of five observed morphological traits on grain yield, expressed by the coefficient of multiple determination (R-y12345(2)) amounted to 0.7881

Biofizička i genetička svojstva prestižnih inbred linija i hibrida kukuruza sa uspravnim položajem vršnih listova

This study confirms the hypothesis that there are elite maize inbred lines and hybrids with erect top leaves, which have a dominant property of an efficient photosynthetic and fluorescent model that is successfully used in modern breeding programmes and the production hybrid seed and commercial maize. This statement is supported by the displayed results on the erect top leaves, the dynamics of grain dry-down during the maturation period and photosynthetic and florescence parameters: the temperature dependence of the delayed chlorophyll fluorescence intensity, the Arrhenius criterion for the determination of critical temperatures (phase transition temperatures) and the activation energies. The presented results show that properties of observed maize inbreds and their hybrids are based on the nature of conformational and functional changes that occur in their thylakoid membranes and other chemical tissues structures of grain and intact leaves, as well as, on positive effects in maize breeding. Moreover, other relevant significant breeding and seed production properties (commercial maize quality over grain structure, physical and chemical parameters) of maize inbred lines and their hybrids were analyzed in the present study.Proučavane su četiri prestižne inbred linije kukuruza sa uspravnim položajem vršnih listova: ZPPL 16, ZPPL 218, ZPPL 62 i ZPPL 233. Ove linije su, kao majka ili otac, uključene u stvaranje više od 50 hibrida kukuruza. U tekućem srednjeročnom periodu široku komercijalnu primenu našao je veći broj hibrida kukuruza: ZP 341, ZP 360, ZP 434, ZP 578, ZP 606, ZP 677, ZP 684 i drugi. U ovom radu analizirani su samo reprezentativni hibridi kukuruza: ZP 341 (FAO 300), ZP 434 (FAO 400), ZP 578 (FAO 500) i ZP 684 (FAO 600). Ovim radom potvrđuje se naša hipoteza da postoje elitne inbred linije i hibridi kukuruza sa uspravnim položajem vršnih listova, koji poseduju dominantno svojstvo efikasnog fotosintetično-fluorescentnog modela i uspešno se koriste u savremenim programima oplemenjivanja, proizvodnji hibridnog semena i merkantilnog kukuruza. Ovaj zaključak dobijen je uz primenu neinvazivnog fotosintetično-fluorescentnog metoda pogodnog za ocenu efikasnosti fotomodela. Dobijene fotosintetične karakteristike proučavanih prestižnih inbred linija kukuruza sa uspravnim položajem vršnih listova zasnovane su na efektima i prirodi promena zakasnele fluorescencije hlorofila koje se odigravaju u njihovim tilakoidnim membranama, čiji su pokazatelji temperaturna zavisnost intenziteta zakasnele fluorescencije hlorofila, Arenijusov kriterijum za utvrđivanje kritičnih temperatura (temperature faznih prelaza) u tilakoidnim membranama i energije aktivacije. Izloženi rezultati o veličini ugla između pravca prostiranja prvog lista iznad klipa i pravca prostiranja stabljike, kao i rezultati o dinamici oslobađanja vode iz zrna u periodu njegovog sazrevanja dodatno pokazuju da su svojstva proučavanih inbred linija kukuruza sa uspravnim položajem vršnih listova pogodni kriterijumi za egzaktniji, racionalniji i brži proces oplemenjivanja. Takođe su analizirana i druga relevantna selekciona i semenarska svojstva proučavanih prestižnih inbred linija i hibrida kukuruza (kvalitet merkantilnog kukuruza preko strukture zrna, fizičkih i hemijskih parametara)

Genetic distance of maize inbred lines based on SSR markers for prediction of heterosis and combining ability

Genetic distance among six elite maize inbred lines was analyzed using SSR markers. Hybrid progeny obtained by crossing inbred lines according an incomplete diallel design was tested in field trials together with inbred lines per se.The objective of this study was to determine genetic distance of inbred maize lines and to examine if a significant correlation exist between the genetic distance of parental lines and the exhibited high parent heterosis (HPH) and specific combining abilities (SCA) for grain yield, ear lenght, kernel row numberand number of kernels per row. Twenty one SSR primers were used for genetic assesment of inbreds with detected 92 alleles. Genetically most distant lines were ZPL1 and ZPL5 and ZPL6 with the GD value of 0.549, while the closest one were ZPL2 and ZPL3 with GD value of 0.11. The dendrogram distinguished two main groups of inbreds: ZPL5 and ZPL6 grouped in a smaller cluster and ZPL1, ZPL2, ZPL3 and ZPL4 forming the second cluster. Values of the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between genetic distance among inbred lines based on SSR markers and SCA for all analyzed traits were positive and significant with the exception of rows per ear. Highest correlation was exhibited between the genetic distance and SCA for number of kernels per row (0.643). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between GD and high parent heterosis was positive and significant for ear length and kernel number in row with coefficient values of 0.554 and 0.611, respectively

The content of antioxidants in sunflower seed and kernel

The primary objective of this research was to determine differences among investigated sunflower genotypes and whether the analyzed hybrids could be sources of phenols and tocopherols important for storage stability of sunflower seeds and their derived products. DPPH• radical scavenging activity, the content of phenolic components and tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-) in seeds and kernels of three sunflower hybrids were analyzed. In the present study, six different phenolic compounds were separated by the HPLC analysis. Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenol. The chlorogenic acid content strongly correlated with total phenols (r=0.93). Other marked phenolics were caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin and rutin. The total tocopherols were significantly higher (P lt 0.05) in kernels than in seeds of all sunflower hybrids. Concentrations in sunflower seeds ranged from 200.67 to 220.05 μg/g and from 256.62 to 267.49 μg/g in sunflower kernels where α-tocopherol was the dominant isomer in all samples. The α-tocopherol content was 98% of averaged of the total tocopherols in all analysed samples. All these nutrients with antioxidant properties influenced the capacity of DPPH• scavenging. Accordingly, sunflower kernels had a higher DPPH• scavenging activity, and a higher nutritive value than sunflower seeds

High-yielding and chemically enriched maize hybrids bred in Serbia - the best basis for super quality feed and food

Introduction/purpose: This paper presents the results of several different research studies. The inbred lines ZPPL 146 and ZPPL 159 and the maize hybrids ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737 are primarily intended for human and livestock nutrition. Their selection took about four decades. Methods: Spectral bands were registered using the method of resonant Raman spectroscopy of the leaves of inbred maize lines. These spectral bands indicate the conformational characteristics of not only carotenoid molecules but also other compounds (phosphate, gluten, and amide III) in the leaf. Results: A systematic examination of the inbred lines ZPPL 146 and ZPPL 159 and their maize hybrids ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737 was performed in this paper. It was stated that the new inbred lines of corn, i.e. ZPPL 146 and ZPPL 159, are rich in carotenoids and yellow pigments. These lines also have significant quantities of other valuable bioactive compounds and good physical characteristics. The lines have an upright position of the top leaves and belong to the group of maize lines with significant characteristics of the photosynthetic model. They are resistant to high temperatures and are drought tolerant. Conclusion: This paper presents the relevant properties, characteristics and parameters of the new studied inbred maize lines that can be used in selection processes in the future. High-yielding and high-quality maize hybrids, i.e. ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737, have been created from the mentioned inbred maize lines. They are recognizable by their qualities. The hybrid ZP633 is especially noteworthy for human consumption (children and the elderly). Further, from the agronomic-veterinary point of view, it is confirmed that the hybrids ZP 735 and ZP 737 are the most suitable for livestock feeding with the programmed use of corn silage. The relevant agronomic, morphological and nutritional properties of the maize hybrids ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737 are also presented in this paper. The results regarding the grain structure and yield height for grain and silage for the hybrids ZP 677 and ZP 684, produced in Serbia and the countries of Southeastern Europe, are also given