The meaning and measurement of the concept of solidarity

Purpose: The objectives of this thesis were threefold: (1) To explicate the concept of solidarity, (2) To define solidarity in a clear manner; and (3) To construct an instrument suitable for the measurement of solidarity. Methods: The data for this research were obtained from a sampling of four independent groups: (1) the employees of a large bank; (2) the faculty of a high school; (3) the congregation of a protestant church; and (4) a naval reserve training center. The members of these groups were administered a questionnaire consisting of twenty-four items derived from Seashore’s Index of Group Cohesiveness and Klapp’s Questionnaire for Rating Solidarity. The questionnaire items were analyzed by the principal axis method of factor analysis and a cluster analysis. Findings: As operationalized, it was determined by the factor analysis of items that there is considerable overlap between solidarity and cohesion. As a means of mitigating the problem of operational confusion between these concepts a clear definition of solidarity has been suggested. Solidarity may be defined as; a positive affective relationship existing between a group of two or more individuals, characterized by a feeling of “weness�. The factor analysis revealed several dimensions of group relations including integration, harmony, conflict, agreement and cooperation. The factorial design also suggested five other factors which were not interpreted. The cluster analysis suggested particular dimensions of group life such as perceived integration and group unattractiveness. Finally, the cluster analysis revealed several items which were incorporated into an index of solidarity

The meaning and measurement of the concept of solidarity

Purpose: The objectives of this thesis were threefold: (1) To explicate the concept of solidarity, (2) To define solidarity in a clear manner; and (3) To construct an instrument suitable for the measurement of solidarity. Methods: The data for this research were obtained from a sampling of four independent groups: (1) the employees of a large bank; (2) the faculty of a high school; (3) the congregation of a protestant church; and (4) a naval reserve training center. The members of these groups were administered a questionnaire consisting of twenty-four items derived from Seashore’s Index of Group Cohesiveness and Klapp’s Questionnaire for Rating Solidarity. The questionnaire items were analyzed by the principal axis method of factor analysis and a cluster analysis. Findings: As operationalized, it was determined by the factor analysis of items that there is considerable overlap between solidarity and cohesion. As a means of mitigating the problem of operational confusion between these concepts a clear definition of solidarity has been suggested. Solidarity may be defined as; a positive affective relationship existing between a group of two or more individuals, characterized by a feeling of “weness�. The factor analysis revealed several dimensions of group relations including integration, harmony, conflict, agreement and cooperation. The factorial design also suggested five other factors which were not interpreted. The cluster analysis suggested particular dimensions of group life such as perceived integration and group unattractiveness. Finally, the cluster analysis revealed several items which were incorporated into an index of solidarity

A Description of the Development, Capabilities, and Operational Status of the Test SLATE Data Acquisition System at the National Transonic Facility

The paper will present a brief background of the previous data acquisition system at the National Transonic Facility (NTF) and the reasoning and goals behind the upgrade to the current Test SLATE (Test Software Laboratory and Automated Testing Environments) data acquisition system. The components, performance characteristics, and layout of the Test SLATE system within the NTF control room will be discussed. The development, testing, and integration of Test SLATE within NTF operations will be detailed. The operational capabilities of the system will be outlined including: test setup, instrumentation calibration, automatic test sequencer setup, data recording, communication between data and facility control systems, real time display monitoring, and data reduction. The current operational status of the Test SLATE system and its performance during recent NTF testing will be highlighted including high-speed, frame-by-frame data acquisition with conditional sampling post-processing applied. The paper concludes with current development work on the system including the capability for real-time conditional sampling during data acquisition and further efficiency enhancements to the wind tunnel testing process

Paradoxical emboli from calf and pelvic veins in cryptogenic stroke.

PURPOSE: The increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic strokes suggests the occurrence of paradoxical embolism. The identification of deep venous thromboses (DVTs) in this population would strengthen this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to image the subdiaphragmatic venous system in a cohort of patients with cryptogenic strokes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 37 patients with cryptogenic brain ischemia and interatrial communication, duplex studies of calf, popliteal, and femoral veins, and magnetic resonance imaging venograms of the pelvis veins were performed. RESULTS: In 10 patients, DVTs were diagnosed that were considered to be the cause of cryptogenic brain ischemia on probable (n = 6) or possible (n = 4) bases. In these patients, the median time from stroke to DVT was 3.25 days. In 5 of these 10 patients, DVTs did not involve popliteal and femoral veins, areas thought most important to pulmonary embolism, but instead were isolated to calf or pelvic veins. Although none of these 10 patients had abnormal blood hypercoagulation tests, 8 of the 10 did have clinical conditions suggesting predisposition to developing DVTs, such as concomitant neoplasms or pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Increased evidence for paradoxical embolism may emerge when diagnostic strategies use multiple imaging methods and evaluate a broad extent of the subdiaphragmatic veins

Do robotic and non-robotic arm movement training drive motor recovery after stroke by a common neural mechanism? Experimental evidence and a computational model.

Different dose-matched, upper extremity rehabilitation training techniques, including robotic and non-robotic techniques, can result in similar improvement in movement ability after stroke, suggesting they may elicit a common drive for recovery. Here we report experimental results that support the hypothesis of a common drive, and develop a computational model of a putative neural mechanism for the common drive. We compared weekly motor control recovery during robotic and unassisted movement training techniques after chronic stroke (n = 27), as assessed with quantitative measures of strength, speed, and coordination. The results showed that recovery in both groups followed an exponential time course with a time constant of about 4-5 weeks. Despite the greater range and speed of movement practiced by the robot group, motor recovery was very similar between the groups. The premise of the computational model is that improvements in motor control are caused by improvements in the ability to activate spared portions of the damaged corticospinal system, as learned by a biologically plausible search algorithm. Robot-assisted and unassisted training would in theory equally drive this search process

An Expanded Stratigraphic Record of the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary Hangenberg Biogeochemical Event from Southeast Iowa (U.S.A.)

The Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in the type area of the Mississippian subsystem (tri-state area of Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri) has been historically difficult to identify. Many of the localities contain similar lithologies and stratigraphic successions, but chronostratigraphic correlation of seemingly identical lithologies can vary greatly in this interval and frequently this has led to miscorrelation. In particular, the similar lithofacies that comprise the McCraney Formation and Louisiana Formation have been a source of stratigraphic confusion for over 100 years. To investigate the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval in the Mississippian type area we selected two localities in southeastern Iowa, the H-28 core from Lee County outside of Keokuk, Iowa, and the Starr’s Cave outcrop located near Burlington, Iowa. In total, 62 conodont samples and 299 carbonate carbon isotope samples were processed for this study and recorded the Hangenberg positive carbon isotope excursion and 25 conodont species, including a diverse assemblage of siphonodellids. The Hangenberg excursion is recorded in over 20 m of strata in southeast Iowa, making this one of the thickest stratigraphic records of this important biogeochemical event yet recovered, and helps to define more clearly the position of the base of the Carboniferous System in the region. These results show that the “McCraney” Fm. at the Starr’s Cave outcrop and the coeval carbonate unit in the H-28 core are both the Louisiana Formation, and calls into question the use of the name McCraney throughout the State of Iowa

Traditional and Health-Related Philanthropy: The Role of Resources and Personality

I study the relationships of resources and personality characteristics to charitable giving, postmortem organ donation, and blood donation in a nationwide sample of persons in households in the Netherlands. I find that specific personality characteristics are related to specific types of giving: agreeableness to blood donation, empathic concern to charitable giving, and prosocial value orientation to postmortem organ donation. I find that giving has a consistently stronger relation to human and social capital than to personality. Human capital increases giving; social capital increases giving only when it is approved by others. Effects of prosocial personality characteristics decline at higher levels of these characteristics. Effects of empathic concern, helpfulness, and social value orientations on generosity are mediated by verbal proficiency and church attendance.

The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change

We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 ± 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 104- to 106-year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 107-year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present)

Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer genomic subtypes

While many prostate cancer (PCa) cases remain indolent and treatable, others are aggressive and progress to the metastatic stage where there are limited curative therapies. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains an important pathway for proliferative and survival programs in PCa, making disruption of AR signaling a viable therapy option. However, most patients develop resistance to AR-targeted therapies or inherently never respond. The field has turned to PCa genomics to aid in stratifying high risk patients, and to better understand the mechanisms driving aggressive PCa and therapy resistance. While alterations to the AR gene itself occur at later stages, genomic changes at the primary stage can affect the AR axis and impact response to AR-directed therapies. Here, we review common genomic alterations in primary PCa and their influence on AR function and activity. Through a meta-analysis of multiple independent primary PCa databases, we also identified subtypes of significantly co-occurring alterations and examined their combinatorial effects on the AR axis. Further, we discussed the subsequent implications for response to AR-targeted therapies and other treatments. We identified multiple primary PCa genomic subtypes, and given their differing effects on AR activity, patient tumor genetics may be an important stratifying factor for AR therapy resistance.</p