4,436 research outputs found
Unionization and Wage Inequality: A Comparative Study of the U.S, the U.K., and Canada
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the link between unionization and wage inequality in the U.S., the U.K., and Canada. Our main motivation is to see whether unionization can account for differences and trends in wage inequality in industrialized countries. We focus on the U.S., the U.K., and Canada because the institutional arrangements governing unionization and collective bargaining are relatively similar in these three countries. The three countries also share large non-union sectors that can be used as a comparison group for the union sector. Using comparable micro data for the last two decades, we find that unions have remarkably similar qualitative impacts in all three countries. In particular, unions tend to systematically reduce wage inequality among men, but have little impact on wage inequality for women. We conclude that unionization helps explain a sizable share of cross-country differences in male wage inequality among the three countries. We also conclude that de-unionization explains a substantial part of the growth in male wage inequality in the U.K. and the U.S. since the early 1980s.
The Evolution of the Returns to Human Capital in Canada, 1980-2005
We examine the evolution of the returns to human capital in Canada over the period 1980-2005. Our main finding is that returns to education increased substantially for Canadian men, contrary to conclusions reached previously. Most of this rise took place in the early 1980s and since 1995. Returns to education also rose, albeit more modestly, for Canadian women. Another important development is that after years of expansion, the wage gap between younger and older workers stabilized after 1995. Controlling for work experience and using Canadian Census data appear to account for the main differences between our results and earlier findings.Human Capital, Wage Differentials, Canada
The Evolution of the Returns to Human Capital in Canada, 1980 - 2006
This paper examines the evolution of the returns to human capital in Canada over the period 1980-2006. Most of the analysis is based on Census data, and on weekly wage and salary earnings of full-time workers. Our main finding is that the returns to education increased substantially for Canadian men between 1980 and 2000, in contrast to conclusions reached in previous studies. For example, the adjusted wage gap between men with exactly a bachelors’ degree and men with only a high school diploma increased from 34 percent to 43 percent during this period. Most of this rise took place in the early 1980s and late 1990s. Returns to education also rose for Canadian women, but the magnitudes of the increases were more modest. For instance, the adjusted BA-high school wage differential among women increased about 4 percentage points between 1980 and 1985 and remained stable thereafter. Results based on Labour Force Survey data show the upward trend in returns to education has recently been reversed for both men and women. Another important development is that after fifteen years of expansion (1980-1995), the return to work experience measured by the wage gap between younger and older workers declined between 1995 and 2000. Finally, we find little difference between measures based on means and those based on medians of log wages for both genders. Also, the use of broader earnings measures (such as including self-employment earnings, using weekly earnings of all workers, or using annual earnings of full-time workers) does not alter the main conclusions from the analysis based on weekly wage and salary earnings of full-time workers.Human Capital, Wage Differentials, Returns to Education, Canada
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Colleges of veterinary medicine are often asked to provide evidence of the economic impacts of their activities. This report presents methods for evaluating a veterinary college and applies them to the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Short-run impacts on income and employment are assessed as well as the long-run benefits of the research, extension, teaching, and clinical services of the college.Public Economics,
On the coexistence of stellar-mass and intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters
In this paper, we address the question: What is the probability of
stellar-mass black hole (BH) binaries co-existing in a globular cluster with an
intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH)? Our results suggest that the detection of
one or more BH binaries can strongly constrain the presence of an IMBH in most
Galactic globular clusters. More specifically, the detection of one or more BH
binaries could strongly indicate against the presence of an IMBH more massive
than M in roughly 80\% of the clusters in our
sample. To illustrate this, we use a combination of N-body simulations and
analytic methods to weigh the rate of formation of BH binaries against their
ejection and/or disruption rate via strong gravitational interactions with the
central (most) massive BH.
The eventual fate of a sub-population of stellar-mass BHs (with or without
binary companions) is for all BHs to be ejected from the cluster by the central
IMBH, leaving only the most massive stellar-mass BH behind to form a close
binary with the IMBH. During each phase of evolution, we discuss the rate of
inspiral of the central BH-BH pair as a function of both the properties of the
binary and its host cluster.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRA
Adolescent Reproductive Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs and Future Fatherhood.
PurposeWith a growing focus on the importance of men's reproductive health, including preconception health, the ways in which young men's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) predict their reproductive paths are understudied. To determine if reproductive KAB predicts fatherhood status, timing and residency (living with child or not).MethodsReproductive KAB and fatherhood outcomes were analyzed from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 20-year, nationally representative study of individuals from adolescence into adulthood. Four measures of reproductive KAB were assessed during adolescence in waves I and II. A generalized linear latent and mixed model predicted future fatherhood status (nonfather, resident/nonresident father, adolescent father) and timing while controlling for other socio-demographic variables.ResultsOf the 10,253 men, 3,425 were fathers (686 nonresident/2,739 resident) by wave IV. Higher risky sexual behavior scores significantly increased the odds of becoming nonresident father (odds ratio [OR], 1.30; p < .0001), resident father (OR, 1.07; p = .007), and adolescent father (OR, 1.71; p < .0001); higher pregnancy attitudes scores significantly increased the odds of becoming a nonresident father (OR, 1.20; p < .0001) and resident father (OR, 1.11; p < .0001); higher birth control self-efficacy scores significantly decreased the odds of becoming a nonresident father (OR, .72; p < .0001) and adolescent father (OR, .56; p = .01).ConclusionsYoung men's KAB in adolescence predicts their future fatherhood and residency status. Strategies that address adolescent males' reproductive KAB are needed in the prevention of unintended reproductive consequences such as early and nonresident fatherhood
Longitudinal Study of Body Mass Index in Young Males and the Transition to Fatherhood.
Despite a growing understanding that the social determinants of health have an impact on body mass index (BMI), the role of fatherhood on young men's BMI is understudied. This longitudinal study examines BMI in young men over time as they transition from adolescence into fatherhood in a nationally representative sample. Data from all four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health supported a 20-year longitudinal analysis of 10,253 men beginning in 1994. A "fatherhood-year" data set was created and changes in BMI were examined based on fatherhood status (nonfather, nonresident father, resident father), fatherhood years, and covariates. Though age is positively associated with BMI over all years for all men, comparing nonresident and resident fathers with nonfathers reveals different trajectories based on fatherhood status. Entrance into fatherhood is associated with an increase in BMI trajectory for both nonresident and resident fathers, while nonfathers exhibit a decrease over the same period. In this longitudinal, population-based study, fatherhood and residence status play a role in men's BMI. Designing obesity prevention interventions for young men that begin in adolescence and carry through young adulthood should target the distinctive needs of these populations, potentially improving their health outcomes
Notes on Recent Cases
Notes on recent cases by Edward P. McGuire, Henry Hasley, Thomas V. Happer, W. F. Craig, John P. Bersheid, Marc Wonderlin, Herbert J. Nester
On the Topology of Black Hole Event Horizons in Higher Dimensions
In four dimensions the topology of the event horizon of an asymptotically
flat stationary black hole is uniquely determined to be the two-sphere .
We consider the topology of event horizons in higher dimensions. First, we
reconsider Hawking's theorem and show that the integrated Ricci scalar
curvature with respect to the induced metric on the event horizon is positive
also in higher dimensions. Using this and Thurston's geometric types
classification of three-manifolds, we find that the only possible geometric
types of event horizons in five dimensions are and . In
six dimensions we use the requirement that the horizon is cobordant to a
four-sphere (topological censorship), Friedman's classification of topological
four-manifolds and Donaldson's results on smooth four-manifolds, and show that
simply connected event horizons are homeomorphic to or .
We find allowed non-simply connected event horizons and
, and event horizons with finite non-abelian first homotopy
group, whose universal cover is . Finally, following Smale's results we
discuss the classification in dimensions higher than six.Comment: 12 pages, minor edits 27/09/0
Water Table Management Reduces Tile Nitrate Loss in Continuous Corn and in a Soybean-Corn Rotation
Water table management systems can be designed to alleviate soil water excesses and deficits, as well as reduce nitrate leaching losses in tile discharge. With this in mind, a standard tile drainage (DR) system was compared over 8 years (1991 to 1999) to a controlled tile drainage/subirrigation (CDS) system on a low-slope (0.05 to 0.1%) Brookston clay loam soil (Typic Argiaquoll) in southwestern Ontario, Canada. In the CDS system, tile discharge was controlled to prevent excessive drainage, and water was pumped back up the tile lines (subirrigation) to replenish the crop root zone during water deficit periods. In the first phase of the study (1991 to 1994), continuous corn (Zea mays, L.) was grown with annual nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs as per local soil test recommendations. In the second phase (1995 to 1999), a soybean (Glycine max L., Merr.)-corn rotation was used with N fertilizer added only during the two corn years. In Phase 1 when continuous corn was grown, CDS reduced total tile discharge by 26% and total nitrate loss in tile discharge by 55%, compared to DR. In addition, the 4-year flow weighted mean (FWM) nitrate concentration in tile discharge exceeded the Canadian drinking water guideline (10 mg N l–1) under DR (11.4 mg N l–1), but not under CDS (7.0 mg N l–1). In Phase 2 during the soybean-corn rotation, CDS reduced total tile discharge by 38% and total nitrate loss in tile discharge by 66%, relative to DR. The 4-year FWM nitrate concentration during Phase 2 in tile discharge was below the drinking water guideline for both DR (7.3 mg N l–1) and CDS (4.0 mg N l–1). During both phases of the experiment, the CDS treatment caused only minor increases in nitrate loss in surface runoff relative to DR. Hence CDS decreased FWM nitrate concentrations, total drainage water loss, and total nitrate loss in tile discharge relative to DR. In addition, soybean-corn rotation reduced FWM nitrate concentrations and total nitrate loss in tile discharge relative to continuous corn. CDS and crop rotations with reduced N fertilizer inputs can thus improve the quality of tile discharge water substantially
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