State Government support for WA farmers experiencing adverse seasons in 1998 to 2001: A comment

In response to a series of adverse weather events, in parts of the cereal crop belt from 1998 to 2001, the State and the Commonwealth Governments implemented support measures for farmers in the cereal belt of Western Australia. A critique of the State Government Adverse Seasonal Conditions in the Agricultural Sector (ASCAS) support packages is presented. The schemes are expensive, could adversely affect the normal adjustment process, have subjective boundaries, deliver grants to some multi millionaires, attract a small element of clearly ineligible claimants, and in 2001 the second ASCAS package was provided prior to excellent late winter and spring rains.adverse weather, drought relief policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Solar array construction

An interconnect tab on each cell of a first set of circular solar cells connects that cell in series with an adjacent cell in the set. This set of cells is arranged in alternate columns and rows of an array and a second set of similar cells is arranged in the remaining alternate columns and rows of the array. Three interconnect tabs on each solar cell of the said second set are employed to connect the cells of the second set to one another, in series and to connect the cells of the second set to those of the first set in parallel. Some tabs (making parallel connections) connect the same surface regions of adjacent cells to one another and others (making series connections) connect a surface region of one cell to the opposite surface region of an adjacent cell; however, the tabs are so positioned that the array may be easily assembled by depositing the cells in a certain sequence and in proper orientation

Discourses of friendship between heterosexual women and gay men:mythical norms and an absence of desire

Gay men and heterosexual women may share some common interests in critiquing hetero-patriarchy. However feminism and gay liberationist politics do not always coincide and the role of individual subjectivities in recognising oppressive discourses of normativity remains debated. Interviews were conducted with seven friendship dyads of heterosexual women and gay men. Transcripts were subjected to discourse analysis, which suggested extensive management of heterosexist norms in the friends' accounts of friendship. The analysis highlighted ambiguity over the 'male' status of gay men, a concern with constructing the friendships as legitimately asexual, and the use of parody in the face of homophobia to disrupt normative assumptions. Although we primarily considered the role of heterosexist discourses, there is also evidence that other dimensions of non-normativity (for example, gender and ethnicity) are implicated in friendships constructed around shared otherness and mutual non-normativity

Hippocampal spike-slow wave phase relations after midbrain transection in rabbits

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the phase relations of action potentials of single cells in CA1 to the rhythmical slow waves induced by eserine in the rabbit. All animals had an intercollicular decerebration so only structures rostral to the cut contributed to the results obtained. Spike-slow wave phase patterns were compared with a random model using the [chi]3 test. Nonrandom patterns (P < 0.01) characterized 22 of 47 cells tested. With use of digital filters, consistent phase patterns were observed even if the slow wave duration varied by as much as 100 msec. Comparing unit firings with nonconcurrent slow wave cycles showed the patterns were phase related, not occurring by chance or coincidence. Apparently clusters of CA1 pyramidal cells fire phase-related spikes.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/21633/1/0000014.pd

Cat parahippocampal unit discharge patterns during limbic stimulation

Previous anatomical studies have demonstrated various limbic projections to the parahippocampal gyrus. The influences on parahippocampal units resulting from impulses passing over these fibers are unknown. Units were tested for spike entrainment or time-locking to a restricted regional limbic excitation. More units (40 out of 114) were entrained by septal stimuli than by hippocampal, cingulum, or contralateral parahippocampal gyrus stimuli. Some units fired one time-locked spike while others fired multiple spikes for each stimulus. Time-preferred spikes, varying more in latency than time-locked spikes, were discharged by other units. Pattern changes during septal stimulation suggest multisynaptic paths were involved. During separate periods of septal and hippocampal stimulation a number of units stopped firing. These units frequently did not fire for periods lasting up to 5 sec following the last stimulus. It is concluded the septum, possibly by way of the hippocampus, exerts excitatory and strong inhibitory influences on parahippocampal units. Signals passing over the cingulum and contralateral parahippocampal gyrus may contribute to, but possibly do not block, inputs entering the hippocampus via parahippocampal projections.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32902/1/0000282.pd

Spatial features of the rat hippocampal vascular system

Earlier investigations in this laboratory demonstrated paired internal transverse arteries and veins associated with the rat cornu Ammonis (CA), mapped the vessels, and suggested segmental distribution and drainage patterns. Further studies of the smaller branches and capillaries were required to resolve the presence or absence of structurally segmented or isolated capillary beds common to vertebrate forms having paired intramedullary arteries and veins. Adult Wistar rats were injected with inks to demonstrate the arterial or venous tree or both. Each of the CA3 internal transverse arteries usually supplies numerous small-diameter branches to the adjacent blade of the fascia dentata. Often a major ramus supplies CA1 before the artery branches most profusely near the deepest point of the hippocampal fissure to supply the extrahilar CA3 and portions of the area dentata. Other vessels are located in the subiculum, adjacent regions of CA1, and the area dentata. Branches of the CA3 vessels more nearly parallel the lateral hippocampal axis than either of the other two. Numerous microvascular rami distribute obliquely across the longitudinal and transverse axes. As readily observed from thick, cleared India ink tissue sections, the strata molecularelacumosum and oriens are more vascular than the stratum radiatum where the long axis of capillaries tends to be oriented parallel to the apical dendrites. Clearly a subzone of CA1 stratum pyramidale, but not CA3, is the least vascular CA region. The outer portion of stratum moleculare of the fascia dentata is more vascular than the inner third. Well-developed capillary plexuses exist adjacent to the vascular poor zone of stratum granulosum and CA1. Branches of the internal transverse veins, deep veins, and external veins drain CA3 fields. Evidence of nonexclusive pairing of the internal arteries and veins, multiple systems draining the CA3 field, and the presence of anastomosing capillary beds indicate that structurally isolated segmental microvascular organizations do not exist for CA3 of the rat hippocampus.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22675/1/0000228.pd

Vascular patterns of the rat hippocampal formation

Little is known of the course and distribution of blood vessels supplying and draining the hippocampus. Such information could be of value in designing and evaluating lesion and ablation experiments and may reflect spatial properties of neurons. This study mapped the distribution of major arteries and veins of the rat hippocampal formation. Arteries and veins of adult female Wistar rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were injected with silicone rubber. Double injections to demonstrate both arteries and veins in the same animal were with India ink and a fluorescent material. Arterial supply to the hippocampus was via transverse hippocampal arteries that stemmed from the longitudinal hippocampal artery, a branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Internal transverse hippocampal arteries located in the hippocampal fissure supplied small, short branches to the adjacent blade of the fascia dentata, part of the area dentata, and CA3 fields. Other branches of the longitudinal artery supplied the remaining blade of the fascia and area dentata, subicular fields, and entorhinal structures. Internal transverse hippocampal veins located in the hippocampal fissure alternated in position with the arteries and appeared to be paired with, and to drain fields supplied by, the internal transverse arteries. Deep transverse hippocampal veins, unaccompanied by arteries, received branches in the intraventricular alveus and adjacent stratum oriens of CA3. The transverse veins drained into longitudinal vessels or the basal vein. Although transversely directed arteries and veins may suggest a hippocampal lamellar neuronal organization, microvascular fields must be mapped before claims are made for a totally segmental vascular architecture in the hippocampus.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/21688/1/0000079.pd

Arterial patterns of the rat rhinencephalon and related structures

Course and distribution information on arteries in the rat rhinencephalon was not found in the literature. Such data are useful for designing experiments and interpreting findings, tracing nerve fibers on or to intracerebral vessels, and in considering routes for diffusion or transport of intracerebral injected agents. Adult rats were perfused with silicone rubber and many brains were cleared in glycerin. The major arteries to the olfactory bulb stem from the anterior cerebral artery. A middle cerebral arterial ramus could provide a collateral source. The septum receives supply exclusively from the anterior cerebral artery. A rostral lesion in the medial septum would most likely involve arteries supplying more caudal structures including hippocampal afferent and efferent fibers. No anastomoses between septal arteries or with middle or posterior cerebral arterial rami were observed. The cingulate cortex receives anterior cerebral arterial branches with the middle cerebral artery being a collateral source. The amygdala and overlying cortex receive branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Transverse arteries in the hippocampal fissure stem from the longitudinal hippocampal artery, a branch of the posterior cerebral artery, to nourish the hippocampus and portions of the fascia dentata. Other branches supply the remainder of the fascia dentata, entorhinal and subicular structures, and certain vessels anastomose with middle cerebral arterial rami. A transverse artery occlusion would probably result in a lesion: No intracerebral arterial anastomoses were observed. Vascular compensation may occur following occlusion of the longitudinal artery via supply from the middle cerebral artery.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/21941/1/0000348.pd

Computer analysis of some cat parahippocampal unit firing patterns

Twenty-five cat parahippocampal gyrus unit spike trains were analyzed for firing time characteristics. Autocorrelation interval and 2 new types of histograms displayed data sampled from spontaneously firing units. For 7 units, spikes occurring within a 40 msec period were not generally followed by a spike in the 40-90 msec period following the first spike. Evoked feedback inhibitory influences, being most effective at 40-60 msec following each spike and summing over time, may account for the 40-90 msec zero or small firing probabilities. Spikes occurred between 60-90 msec following a previous spike but were not generally preceded by a firing in the 1-40 msec period.In other trains, spikes occurring within a 30 msec period were followed most frequently by a spike or spikes in the 350-410 msec period following the first firing. When the interval between 2 firings was greater than 30 msec probabilities for future spikes were nearly equal for all times up to 1000 msec. Autocorrelation interval histogram peaks at 350-410 msec intervals were dependent upon the serial arrangement of intervals in the train. Inputs, evoking 2 or more firings within a 30 msec period, may have been periodically impressed on the cells.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32782/1/0000155.pd

Student Employee Recruitment and Retention Through Campus Partnerships

Recruitment and retention of student employees are important considerations for any recreational sports department, large or small, because student employees impact both the quantity and quality of programs and services. This article proposes a strategy for establishing partnerships with academic departments to aid in the recruitment and retention of student employees. These partnerships benefit students, the recreational sports department, academic departments, and university student retention efforts. Following a description of this strategy is an example of a partnership that has been successfully established at one Midwestern university