Control of Highway Access

I. Introduction—The Need for Access Control II. The Origin of the Right of Access … A. The Logical Use of the Lot and Road … B. The Economic History of Road Building … C. The Response to a Felt Need III. The Nature of the Right of Access … A. Diversion of Traffic … B. Circuity of Travel IV. The Means of Access Control … A. Denial or Limitation of Access … 1. The Controlled Access Road … 2. The Freeway … 3. The Parkway … B. Control of the Amount of Access … 1. Subdivision Controls … 2. Official Mapping … C. Control of the Type of Access … 1. Restricted Use Highways … 2. Roadside Zoning … 3. Master Planning V. Conclusio

Control of Highway Access

I. Introduction—The Need for Access Control II. The Origin of the Right of Access … A. The Logical Use of the Lot and Road … B. The Economic History of Road Building … C. The Response to a Felt Need III. The Nature of the Right of Access … A. Diversion of Traffic … B. Circuity of Travel IV. The Means of Access Control … A. Denial or Limitation of Access … 1. The Controlled Access Road … 2. The Freeway … 3. The Parkway … B. Control of the Amount of Access … 1. Subdivision Controls … 2. Official Mapping … C. Control of the Type of Access … 1. Restricted Use Highways … 2. Roadside Zoning … 3. Master Planning V. Conclusio

Alkylation of the Tumor Suppressor PTEN Activates Akt and β-Catenin Signaling: A Mechanism Linking Inflammation and Oxidative Stress with Cancer

PTEN, a phosphoinositide-3-phosphatase, serves dual roles as a tumor suppressor and regulator of cellular anabolic/catabolic metabolism. Adaptation of a redox-sensitive cysteinyl thiol in PTEN for signal transduction by hydrogen peroxide may have superimposed a vulnerability to other mediators of oxidative stress and inflammation, especially reactive carbonyl species, which are commonly occurring by-products of arachidonic acid peroxidation. Using MCF7 and HEK-293 cells, we report that several reactive aldehydes and ketones, e.g. electrophilic α,β-enals (acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) and α,β-enones (prostaglandin A2, Δ12-prostaglandin J2 and 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2) covalently modify and inactivate cellular PTEN, with ensuing activation of PKB/Akt kinase; phosphorylation of Akt substrates; increased cell proliferation; and increased nuclear β-catenin signaling. Alkylation of PTEN by α,β-enals/enones and interference with its restraint of cellular PKB/Akt signaling may accentuate hyperplastic and neoplastic disorders associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, or aging

LSST Science Book, Version 2.0

A survey that can cover the sky in optical bands over wide fields to faint magnitudes with a fast cadence will enable many of the exciting science opportunities of the next decade. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will have an effective aperture of 6.7 meters and an imaging camera with field of view of 9.6 deg^2, and will be devoted to a ten-year imaging survey over 20,000 deg^2 south of +15 deg. Each pointing will be imaged 2000 times with fifteen second exposures in six broad bands from 0.35 to 1.1 microns, to a total point-source depth of r~27.5. The LSST Science Book describes the basic parameters of the LSST hardware, software, and observing plans. The book discusses educational and outreach opportunities, then goes on to describe a broad range of science that LSST will revolutionize: mapping the inner and outer Solar System, stellar populations in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, the structure of the Milky Way disk and halo and other objects in the Local Volume, transient and variable objects both at low and high redshift, and the properties of normal and active galaxies at low and high redshift. It then turns to far-field cosmological topics, exploring properties of supernovae to z~1, strong and weak lensing, the large-scale distribution of galaxies and baryon oscillations, and how these different probes may be combined to constrain cosmological models and the physics of dark energy.Comment: 596 pages. Also available at full resolution at http://www.lsst.org/lsst/sciboo