31 research outputs found
Uma capitania dos novos tempos: economia, sociedade e polĂtica na SĂŁo Paulo restaurada (1765-1822)
O artigo reflete sobre a trajetória da Capitania de São Paulo, a partir de 1750, apontando sua transformação, de fronteira e "boca do sertão", para território estratégico da conquista e defesa das partes meridionais e årea economicamente integrada aos circuitos mercantis atlùnticos.In this article, we reflect upon the history of the Captaincy of São Paulo as from 1750, drawing attention to its transformation from frontier land and "door to the backcountry" into a territory of strategic value for the purposes of conquest and defense of the southern regions, and economically integrated into the Atlantic trade routes
EfficacitĂ© du minoxidil et des inhibiteurs 5 alpha-rĂ©ductase dans le traitement de lâalopĂ©cie androgĂ©nique chez les patients de sexe masculin ?
ANALYSE DE Gupta AK, Venkataraman M, Talukder M, Bamimore MA. Relative efficacy of minoxidil and the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in adrogenetic alopecia treatment of male patients: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2022;158:266-74. DOI: 10.1001 /jamadermatol.2021.5743 QUESTION CLINIQUE Quelle est lâefficacitĂ© des minoxidil, du dutastĂ©ride et du finastĂ©ride, que ce soit en administration topique ou orale, dans le traitement de lâalopĂ©cie androgĂ©nique chez les patients de sexe masculin ? CONCLUSION Cette synthĂšse mĂ©thodique avec mĂ©ta-analyse en rĂ©seau conclut quâune meilleure idĂ©e de l'efficacitĂ© relative des diffĂ©rentes doses des inhibiteurs de la 5-α rĂ©ductase et du minoxidil Ă 24 et 48 semaines en cas dâalopĂ©cie androgĂ©nique est possible grĂące Ă leur travail. Cette recherche prĂ©sente de nombreuses limites mĂ©thodologiques. De plus, les donnĂ©es concernant les caractĂ©ristiques des populations Ă©tudiĂ©es, lâabsence de mention de seuil de pertinence clinique, lâabsence de donnĂ©es relatives Ă lâinnocuitĂ© de lâintervention ne permettent pas dâaider le clinicien et les patients
Dans la prise en charge des dĂ©chirures mĂ©niscales, lâapproche par kinĂ©sithĂ©rapie est-elle aussi efficace que la mĂ©niscectomie partielle arthroscopique, aprĂšs 5 ans ?
ANALYSE DE : Noorduyn JC, van de Graaf VA, Willigenburg NW, et al. Effect of physical therapy vs arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in people with degenerative meniscal tears five-year follow-up of the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e2220394. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20394. QUESTION CLINIQUE : Chez des patients ĂągĂ©s de 45 Ă 70 ans, qui prĂ©sentent une dĂ©chirure mĂ©niscale, dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative, symptomatique et confirmĂ©e par une IRM, la kinĂ©sithĂ©rapie basĂ©e sur des exercices prĂ©sente-t-elle une efficacitĂ© Ă©quivalente Ă la mĂ©niscectomie partielle arthroscopique sur un suivi de 5 ans en termes de fonction du genou rapportĂ©e par les patients et de progression de l'arthrose du genou chez les patients? CONCLUSION : Le suivi Ă 5 ans dâune RCT bien construite mĂ©thodologiquement montre que chez des patients ĂągĂ©s de 45 Ă 70 ans, qui prĂ©sentent une dĂ©chirure mĂ©niscale, dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative, symptomatique et confirmĂ©e par une IRM, la kinĂ©sithĂ©rapie basĂ©e sur lâexercice nâest pas infĂ©rieure Ă la mĂ©niscectomie partielle arthroscopique pour la fonction du genou. Nous ne pouvons pas appuyer avec certitude que la kinĂ©sithĂ©rapie nâest pas moins efficace que la chirurgie arthroscopique dans cette indication car prĂšs dâ1/3 tiers des patients du groupe kinĂ©sithĂ©rapie ont eu recours Ă une prise en charge chirurgicale, par arthroscopie ou intervention plus invasive, au cours du suivi Ă 5 ans
Intensity and duration of corticosterone response to stressful situations in Japanese quail divergently selected for tonic immobility
International audienceTwo genotypes of Japanese quail have been divergently selected since the 1980s for long (LTI) or short (STI) duration of tonic immobility [Mills, A.D., Faure, J.M., 1991. Divergent selection for duration of tonic immobility and social reinstatement behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks. J. Comp. Psychol. 105(1), 25-38.], an unlearnt catatonic state characteristic of a behavioral fear response ([Jones, R.B., 1986. The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: a review. World's Poult. Sci. J. 42(1), 82-97.]; [Mills, A.D., Faure, J.M., 1991. Divergent selection for duration of tonic immobility and social reinstatement behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks. J. Comp. Psychol. 105(1), 25-38.]). The results of several behavioral tests conducted in LTI and STI quail have led to the conclusion that LTI quail are more fearful than STI quail [Faure, J.M., Mills, A.D., 1998. Improving the adaptability of animals by selection. In: Grandin, T. (Eds.), Genetics and the behavior of domestic animals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 235-264.]). However, few studies to date have focused on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis response to stressful situations in LTI and STI quail, although the HPA axis is involved in fear responses [Siegel, H.S., 1971. Adrenals, Stress and the Environment. World's Poult. Sci. J. 27, 327-349.]. The corticosterone (CORT) response to various putatively stressful situations was therefore assessed in LTI and STI genotypes of quail in order to investigate their HPA axis reactivity to stress. Repeated induction of TI or 1 min manual restraint induced significant and comparable increases in CORT levels in both genotypes as a TI response. On the other hand, higher CORT responses were found in STI than in LTI quail when the manual restraint period lasted for 2 min or after restraint in a crush cage. Maximum CORT responses and genotype differences were maintained throughout the latter test even when it lasted for 120 min. Investigation of the CORT response to a single TI episode showed that CORT levels at the end of TI were negatively correlated with TI duration. Other experimental contexts consisting of isolation in a familiar or novel environment or the presentation of a novel object induced slight but significant and comparable increases in CORT response in both genotypes, whereas change of cagemates did not. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that differences in HPA axis response are observed between LTI and STI genotypes when quail are submitted to intense stressors, resulting in a high and prolonged CORT response. By contrast, plasma corticosterone concentrations do not differ between STI and LTI quail in response to stressful situations of lower intensity, which evoke responses limited in amplitude and duration. Genetic selection for divergent duration of TI has thus affected the HPA axis response to stress, and LTI and STI quail constitute an interesting model to investigate genetic variability of HPA axis activity in birds. More specifically, these genotypes of quail could be used to investigate the occurrence of functional differences at different levels of the HPA axis in order to explain the present findings. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Ring expansion of 2-(alpha-hydroxyalkyl)azetidines: A synthetic route to functionalized pyrrolidines
FLWINinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Quelles sont lâefficacitĂ© et la sĂ©curitĂ© de la chlorthalidone sur lâhypertension artĂ©rielle en cas dâinsuffisance rĂ©nale chronique avancĂ©e ?
ANALYSE DE : Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Cramer AE, et al. Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2021;385:2507-19. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2110730. QUESTION CLINIQUE : Quelles sont lâefficacitĂ© et la sĂ©curitĂ© de la chlorthalidone (thiazide-like), comparativement au placebo, dans le contrĂŽle de lâHTA rĂ©sistante, chez des patients atteint dâIRC ? CONCLUSION : Cette RCT en double aveugle portant sur une population de patients ayant une IRC de stade 4 et une HTA mal contrĂŽlĂ©e montre que lâadministration de chlorthalidone a amĂ©liorĂ© le contrĂŽle de la tension artĂ©rielle aprĂšs 12 semaines de traitement en comparaison avec lâadministration de placebo. En outre, la chlorthalidone pourrait avoir une action protectrice sur les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire chez les patients insuffisants rĂ©naux sĂ©vĂšres. Les limites mĂ©thodologiques de cette Ă©tude se situent principalement sur sa courte durĂ©e et le choix de critĂšres intermĂ©diaires comme critĂšre de jugement primaire et secondaire, ne permettant pas dâaboutir Ă des conclusions pour des traitements au long cours indiquĂ©s chez les patients IRC. Ainsi, sa pertinence clinique nâest pas, Ă ce stade, atteinte
Gene array analysis of adrenal glands in broiler chickens following ACTH treatment
Abstract Background Difference in adaptability responses to stress has been observed amongst bird species, strains, and individuals. Components of the HPA axis, one of the internal systems involved in homeostasis re-establishment following stress, could play a role in this variability of responses. The aim of the present study was 1) to identify genes involved in the regulation of adrenal activity following ACTH stimulation and 2) to examine adrenal genes differentially expressed in individuals with high and low plasma corticosterone response following ACTH treatment. Results Analysis with 21 K poultry oligo microarrays indicated that ACTH treatment affected the expression of 134 genes. Several transcripts assigned to genes involved in the adrenal ACTH signaling pathway and steroidogenic enzymes were identified as differentially expressed by ACTH treatment. Real-time PCR on 18 selected genes confirmed changes in transcript levels of 11 genes, including MC2R, CREM, Cry, Bmal1, Sqle, Prax1, and StAR. Only 4 genes revealed to be differentially expressed between higher and lower adrenal responders to ACTH treatment. Conclusion The results from the present study reveal putative candidate genes; their role in regulation of adrenal functions and adaptability to stress should be further investigated.</p
Humeral quality and adrenal responsiveness in laying hens reared in standard and furnished cages
In order to find out whether furnished cages contribute to improving the welfare of laying hens, humerus quality and adrenal responsiveness were evaluated in laying hens reared in standard (S) and furnished cages (F). Four cage models were used: S5, a standard cage model with 5 hens per cage; S6, a standard cage model with 6 hens per cage; F7, a furnished cage model with 7 hens per cage (with a nest, dust-bathing box, two perches, and claw-shortening) and F15, a furnished cage model with 15 hens per cage (with a nest, dust-bathing box, two perches, and claw-shortening). At 72 weeks of age, maximal adrenal responsiveness was evaluated by measuring the changes in blood corticosterone level induced by the i.m. injection of 10 ”g per hen of 1-24 ACTH (n = 15 hens per cage model). Hens (n = 15 to 23 hens per cage model) were slaughtered and the left and right humeri were used for measurement of weight, biomechanical characteristics in a flexion test, dry matter and ash percentage. Basal corticosterone levels did not differ significantly while the injection of ACTH produced a significant rise in corticosterone levels (P < 0.001) of similar amplitude for all cage models. Humeri weights, biomechanical characteristics (elastic strain, bioyield point, stiffness and breaking strength), dry weight and percentage of dry matter were not significantly different between cage models. The humeri ash percentage was significantly (P = 0.03) lower in birds from the S6 cage model (57.4%) than in birds from other cage models (S5: 59.0%; F7: 58.9%; F15: 59.7%). Adrenal responsiveness and major humeral characteristics were not significantly improved in furnished compared to standard cages in our experimental conditions.QualitĂ© de lâos et capacitĂ© de rĂ©ponse de la glande surrĂ©nale chez des poules pondeuses Ă©levĂ©es en cages standard et en cages amĂ©nagĂ©es. Afin d'analyser si les dispositifs dâenrichissement apportĂ©s dans des cages amĂ©nagĂ©es contribuent Ă lâamĂ©lioration du bien-ĂȘtre chez la poule pondeuse, nous avons mesurĂ© la rĂ©activitĂ© des glandes surrĂ©nales et la qualitĂ© des humĂ©rus de poules pondeuses Ă©levĂ©es en cages standard et en cages amĂ©nagĂ©es. Quatre modĂšles de cage ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s : une cage standard Ă 5 poules S5, une cage standard Ă 6 poules S6, une cage amĂ©nagĂ©e Ă 7 poules F7 (avec un nid, un bac Ă poussiĂšre, 2 perchoirs, un systĂšme raccoucisseur de griffes) et une cage amĂ©nagĂ©e Ă 15 poules F15 (avec un nid, un bac Ă poussiĂšre, 2 perchoirs, un systĂšme raccourcisseur de griffes). La capacitĂ© de rĂ©ponse maximale a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e en comparant les corticostĂ©ronĂ©mies mesurĂ©es avant et aprĂšs lâinjection i.m. de 10 ”g par poule dâACTH 1â24 (n = 15 poules par modĂšle de cage). Quinze Ă 23 poules par modĂšle de cage ont Ă©tĂ© abattues Ă lâĂąge de 72 semaines. Le poids, les caractĂ©ristiques biomĂ©caniques et la composition des humĂ©rus droit et gauche ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s. Les taux de bases de la corticostĂ©ronĂ©mie ne diffĂ©raient pas significativement tandis que lâinjection dâACTH induisait une augmentation significative de la corticostĂ©ronĂ©mie (P < 0,001) dont lâamplitude Ă©tait comparable pour chaque modĂšle de cage. Le poids des humĂ©rus, leurs caractĂ©ristiques biomĂ©caniques (dĂ©formation Ă©lastique, rĂ©sistance Ă©lastique, rigiditĂ©, rĂ©sistance Ă la rupture), leur poids sec et leur pourcentage de matiĂšre sĂšche nâĂ©taient pas significativement diffĂ©rents entre les modĂšles de cage. Le pourcentage de cendres Ă©tait significativement (P = 0,03) plus faible pour les humĂ©rus des oiseaux du modĂšle de cage S6 (57,4 %) comparĂ©s aux humĂ©rus des poules des autres modĂšles de cage (S5 : 59,0 % ; F7 : 58,9 % ; F15 : 59,7 %). La rĂ©activitĂ© des glandes surrĂ©nales ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques principales des humĂ©rus nâont pas Ă©tĂ© significativement amĂ©liorĂ©es dans les cages amĂ©nagĂ©es par rapport aux cages standard dans nos conditions expĂ©rimentales