Du singe à l'homme : essai sur les fondements de la socialité humaine

Comment la société humaine est-elle apparue ? Sur quoi reposent les distinctions entre l'homme et l'animal ? Voici un questionnement qui a habité l'humanité depuis les origines. On en trouve l'écho dans les écrits des philosophes et hommes de science au Siècle des Lumières, mais également au sein même de la science moderne. D'un côté, les sciences biologiques ont tenté de répondre en cheminant sous l'impulsion de l'évolutionnisme et, de l'autre, les sciences humaines ont répondu sous la forme ± de grands récits ¿ des origines de l'homme. Constituant peut-être une des grandes ± antinomies ¿ de la science moderne, ces deux visions présentent l'homme, l'une comme le prolongement de la nature et, l'autre, comme le fruit d'une rupture avec l'animalité. Bien que solidement ancrées dans la culture scientifique, ces deux conceptions devaient toutefois être secouées par de nouvelles découvertes. Celles-ci ont, petit à petit, déplacé l'intelligibilité de la condition humaine vers un nouveau paradigme porté, entre autres, par la primatologie. Son mérite fondamental est de nous avoir fait comprendre que la vie sociale des grands anthropoïdes est le fond réel de l'avènement de la socialité et des sociétés humaines récentes. Ces découvertes nous permettent de mieux comprendre la spécificité de la société humaine. Bref, nous aurons à explorer et actualiser un débat classique de la discipline sociologique : le débat sur les rôles respectifs de la nature et de la culture dans l'avènement des sociétés humaines

Politiques visant la santé au Québec : lorsque la main droite ignore ce que fait la main gauche

Cet article analyse la cohérence des politiques publiques de santé et de transport au Québec. Il conclut que, tandis que la formulation de ces politiques est cohérente, leur mise en œuvre s’avère incongruente. Ainsi, la politique de santé du Québec vise notamment à réduire les décès et maladies dus à la pollution de l’air, en ligne avec la politique de transport du Québec, laquelle souhaite réduire les émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Or, la mise en œuvre de ces politiques ne permet pas d’atteindre ces objectifs en raison de la densité de la hiérarchie, c’est-à-dire le nombre de hiérarchies (Hupe, 2010). Autrement dit, la décentralisation des deux ministères concourt à une mauvaise interprétation des priorités conjointes des ministères.This article analyzes the coherence of public health and transportation policy in Quebec. It concludes that, while the formulation of these policies is coherent, their implementation is incongruent. Health policy in Quebec aims, among other things, at lowering deaths and diseases caused by air pollution; and transportation policy in Quebec aims at lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Yet the implementation of these policies does not make it possible to reach this target because of thickness of hierarchies, that is, the number of hierarchies (Hupe, 2010). Otherwise said, decentralization in the two departments leads to wrong interpretation of joint priorities

Contribution à l’étude des sillons subverticaux intéressant des facettes interproximales

Des restes dentaires néandertaliens ont été mis au jour dans la grotte de Rochelot (Charente, France) reconnue comme un repaire d’hyènes. Deux dents, PM1 et PM2 gauches, présentent des sillons subverticaux sur leurs facettes d’attrition interproximales et antagonistes. L’étude macroscopique et microscopique (MEB) révèle que chaque sillon d’une facette interproximale présente une concordance d’orientation et de dimensions avec son antagoniste. L’analyse bibliographique et notre expérimentation sur des dents actuelles nous conduisent à l’élaboration d’une classification chronologique des phénomènes aboutissant à la formation ante mortem de ces sillons subverticaux.Neanderthal dental remains were discovered in the cave at Rochelot (Charente, France) which is known to have been inhabited by hyenas. Two left teeth, PM1 and PM2, presented subvertical grooves located on their antagonist interproximal facets. Macroscopic and microscopic examination revealed that each vertical groove of an interproximal facet resembled its antagonist groove. Bibliographical research and our experiments on modern teeth have led us to develop a chonological classification of the elements leading to the ante mortem formation of these subvertical grooves

Responsible Conduct of Research in Research-Creation: Moving into Uncharted Terrain

Responsible conduct of research (RCR) is ubiquitous, and present in most areas of research. One area that has received little attention is Research-Creation (RC): • an emergent eld at the interface of academic research and creative activities • in Quebec, Canada, RC is de ned as “research activities or approaches that foster the creation or interpretation/ performance of literary or artistic works of all types” Researcher-Creators – who are at the same time researchers and practising artists, musicians, or designers – may be faced with very di erent issues or challenges from colleagues in the rest of academia. • How do researcher-creators reconcile their dual obligations to creation and to research? • Are the usual research ethics guidelines (e.g., TCPS2, ICH relevant and how do they apply? • How do the creative/artistic dimensions of research a ect evaluations by grant committees and REBs? To better understand how RCR issues are articulated in the very heterogeneous RC community, we combine here results from a literature review and an international survey on RCR in RC.FRQ Action concerté

Reassessment of the Neandertal fossil collection from Abri Suard (La Chaise de Vouthon, Charente, France)

Abri Suard is one of the sites localized at La Chaise de Vouthon in Charente. La Chaise is a well-known prehistoric place, historically and archaeologically as it preserved long stratigraphic sequences documenting Lower to Upper Palaeolithic human occupations. A substantial number of Neandertal human remains have been discovered in a sedimentary unit associated to MIS 6-5 (250-120 kya) from Abri Suard, which makes them some of the earliest Western European Neandertals. Although most of the Ne..

The histone H3.1 variant regulates TONSOKU-mediated DNA repair during replication

The tail of replication-dependent histone H3.1 varies from that of replication-independent H3.3 at the amino acid located at position 31 in plants and animals, but no function has been assigned to this residue to demonstrate a unique and conserved role for H3.1 during replication. Here, we show that TONSOKU (TSK/TONSL), which rescues broken replication forks, specifically interacts with H3.1 via recognition of alanine 31 by its tetratricopeptide repeat domain. Our results indicate that genomic instability in the absence of ATXR5/ATXR6-catalyzed H3K27me1 in plants depends on H3.1, TSK and DNA polymerase theta (Pol θ). Overall, this work reveals an H3.1-specific function during replication and the common strategy used in multicellular eukaryotes for regulating post-replicative chromatin maturation and TSK, which relies on histone mono-methyltransferases and reading the H3.1 variant

Importance of field data for understanding a potential Mousterian funerary deposit : the case of the Regourdou 1 skeleton (Montignac-sur-Vézère, Dordogne, France)

Aside from the work of Bonifay (see Bonifay et al. 2007 for one of the more recent papers) and various articles following these earlier works (e.g., Binant 1991, Defleur 1993, Maureille et Vandermeersch 2007, Pettitt 2011, see also May 1986 for a more critical analysis), the in situ position of the remains of Regourdou 1 from layer 4 has never actually been discussed on the basis of available data from the salvage operation carried out in October 1957 by E. Bonifay and G. Laplace-Jauretche, under the administrative authority of François Bordes, or from the subsequent, more systematic, excavations directed by E. Bonifay between 1961 and 1964. Via the compilation of available information from a number of unpublished documents (François Bordes’ field notes, drawings made during the salvage operation, photographs taken in 1957, 1961 and 1962, as well as databases from the 1961 to 1964 excavations), and also a new inventory of human remains (both previously known and recently discovered), it is now possible to more accurately reconstruct the position of the human remains in a Cartesian system. In this, we assume that the concentration of remains uncovered during the salvage operation was in square G2, according to the preliminary systematic excavations carried out in 1961. They also bring to light that while practically no anatomical connections can be demonstrated with any certainty – and despite significant disruptions (all of the hominin remains are spread over 9 squares : G1 to G3, F1 to F3, E1 and E2, D2) – they are mainly positioned in squares G2 and G3 to some degree with respect to the anatomical logic of the human body. We therefore assume that Regourdou 1 was lying flat, with its head to the west – perhaps upon its trunk – close to the wall of the cavity. This result is different from the fetal position hypothesis proposed in Bonifay et al. (2007). Moreover many post-depositional (albeit Pleistocene) disturbances are also evident. We believe that they were likely the result of the utilization and modification of the cavity by brown bears and lagomorphs.Only new excavations at the site, and a better taphonomic understanding of Bonifay’s (1964) layer 4 (in which Regourdou 1 was found), and the exact role of humans in its formation, i.e., their anthropic impact on the layer, will allow us to discuss in more detail the nature of the deposition of the body, and, hopefully, the absence of the skull

Regulation of Septin Dynamics by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lysine Acetyltransferase NuA4

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the lysine acetyltransferase NuA4 has been linked to a host of cellular processes through the acetylation of histone and non-histone targets. To discover proteins regulated by NuA4-dependent acetylation, we performed genome-wide synthetic dosage lethal screens to identify genes whose overexpression is toxic to non-essential NuA4 deletion mutants. The resulting genetic network identified a novel link between NuA4 and septin proteins, a group of highly conserved GTP-binding proteins that function in cytokinesis. We show that acetyltransferase-deficient NuA4 mutants have defects in septin collar formation resulting in the development of elongated buds through the Swe1-dependent morphogenesis checkpoint. We have discovered multiple sites of acetylation on four of the five yeast mitotic septins, Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc12 and Shs1, and determined that NuA4 can acetylate three of the four in vitro. In vivo we find that acetylation levels of both Shs1 and Cdc10 are reduced in a catalytically inactive esa1 mutant. Finally, we determine that cells expressing a Shs1 protein with decreased acetylation in vivo have defects in septin localization that are similar to those observed in NuA4 mutants. These findings provide the first evidence that yeast septin proteins are acetylated and that NuA4 impacts septin dynamics

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570