10,017 research outputs found
Dirac's hole theory versus quantum field theory
Dirac's hole theory and quantum field theory are usually considered
equivalent to each other. For models of a certain type, however, the
equivalence may not hold as we discuss in this Letter. This problem is closely
related to the validity of the Pauli principle in intermediate states of
perturbation theory.Comment: No figure
Many-body system with a four-parameter family of point interactions in one dimension
We consider a four-parameter family of point interactions in one dimension.
This family is a generalization of the usual -function potential. We
examine a system consisting of many particles of equal masses that are
interacting pairwise through such a generalized point interaction. We follow
McGuire who obtained exact solutions for the system when the interaction is the
-function potential. We find exact bound states with the four-parameter
family. For the scattering problem, however, we have not been so successful.
This is because, as we point out, the condition of no diffraction that is
crucial in McGuire's method is not satisfied except when the four-parameter
family is essentially reduced to the -function potential.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. II. Frequencies of B cells producing antibodies which lyse sheep or horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated or nitrodophenylated sheep erythrocytes
The B-cell mitogens LPS and lipoprotein stimulate 20-35 percent of all B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old C3H/Tif mice, as determined by limiting dilution analysis of precursors. Each reactive cell grows to a clone of IgM-secreting PFC, enumerated in a hemolytic plaque assay detecting all IgM secreting cells, regardless of v-region specificity. We have used these mitogens to reveal the total repertoire of Ig specificities produced by these mitogen-reactive B cells. We have determined in plaque assays with six different target erythrocytes the number of spleen cells limiting to one the number of mitogen-reactive B cells detected as specific IgM-secreting clones in each of these plaque assays. By this method, the absolute frequencies of precursor B cells with defined v-gene specificities could be calculated, for at least, one third of all B cells. The frequencies of specific IgM-plaque-forming B-cell clones within the total pool of mitogen-reactive B cells was 1 in 10 for NIP(12),-SRC, 1 in 50 for TNP(12)- SRC, 1 in 100 for NIP(1)-SRC, 1 in 160 for TNP(3)- SRC, 1 in 500 for HRC, and 1 in 1,000 for SRC. These frequencies were the same in the LPS- and in the lipoprotein-reactive B-cell population for TNP(30)- SRC and SRC
Assessment of N mineralization and leaching in soil using a new in-situ incubation method
RAMIRAN International ConferenceTowards sustainable soil management, the application of organic residues to the soil has to be based on criteria
sustained by experimental studies. Several methods for estimating the amount of N that mineralizes from landapplied
organic residues can be used but laboratory incubations has been the main methodology used due to several
advantages related to practical and economical aspects (Qafoku et al., 2001). However, this type of methodology is
performed under controlled temperature and moisture content, at optimal conditions for the mineralization process,
limiting the extrapolation of laboratory derived values to the field conditions (Hanselman et al., 2004). Since N
mineralization process can be affected by the dynamic of these factors, several authors consider field incubations as
a more realistic method to assess N mineralization (Subler et al., 1995; Halselman et al., 2004). Nevertheless, the
quality of the results obtained depends on the type of reactor devices used for measuring N mineralization under
these conditions. In fact, various reactors devices described in the specific literature, like buried bags (Eno, 1960) or
covered cylinders (Raison et al., 1987), reveal some disadvantages or limitations in monitoring N mineralization in
field conditions. More recently, refining reactor devices, by introducing exchange resins, promoted a more sensible
indicator comparatively to other methods since temperature, moisture content and aeration inside the containerized
soil are close to undisturbed soil (Halselman et al., 2004). Considering that resin-trap incubation is the most
promising in-situ technology in measuring nitrogen net mineralization rates from organic soil amendments, the aim
of the present study is to evaluate the quality of the results obtained by using a new in-situ incubation device for the
determination of N mineralization kinetics in the soil as well as the potential of nitrogen leaching as a potential
alternative use in field studies of N mineralization kinetics from organic residues applied to soils
Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages
Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells have been determined in vitro under culture conditions which allow every growth-inducible B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting PFC. The frequencies of LPS-reactive B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old mice were between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 splenic B cells from the following inbred strains of mice: C3H/Tif; BALB/c; BALB/c ν/ν; C57BL/6J; DBA/2J; C57BL/6J x DBA/(2J)F(1); and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c ν/ν, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). The number of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells in spleen was dependent upon the age of the mouse. Newborn spleen contained approximately 10 percent of the number of reactive cells found at 6- to 8-wk of age. From there the frequencies declined again to drop below 5 percent of the maximal number at ages beyond 11 mo. LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. Their frequencies were one in three to five lymph node cells, 1 in 50 to 100 bone marrow cells, one in 10(5) thymus cells, and 1 in 20 to 40 thoracic duct or peripheral blood cells
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