Barbara Johnston of Sarnia, Ontario: The First Canadian Pentecostal Missionary to India

In Canada, three early geographic centers of Pentecostal revival emerged within the first decade of the twentieth century, along with its leaders: R. E. McAlister in Ottawa, Ellen Hebden in Toronto, and A. H. Argue and his family in Winnipeg. Ellen Hebden is the first person known to have received Pentecostal baptism in Canada.  We know some detail about these personalities and their work in these cities largely because of the earliest Pentecostal newsletters that have survived until today: The Promise, published in Toronto between 1907 and 1910 by Ellen and James Hebden, The Good Report, published in Ottawa between 1911 and 1912 by Herbert Randall, H. L. Lawler, and R. E. McAlister, and The Apostolic Messenger, published in Winnipeg between 1908 and 1910 by A. H. Argue.  These Canadian newsletters, along with some international newsletters, reported information about the experiences of connected missionaries and evangelistic efforts. Several small Canadian towns and cities are mentioned by name in these newsletters.  The acknowledgement of these little-known communities hints at the establishment of Pentecostalism in less urban centres, each locus having its own story and distinct personalities. As yet, most of these stories remain untold, lost, or forgotten. This biographical portrait of Barbara Johnston of Sarnia, Ontario, is an attempt to reclaim one such story, with a hope that readers might be inspired to recover and retell similar accounts of other early Canadian Pentecostals

Projection print resolution as a function of illumination cone angle

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityMilitary aerial photography is, at the present, beginning a stage of transition. The camera systems in use until this time usually have produced photography resolving approximately ten to twenty lines per millimeter on the print, in practice. For such photography to be useful in reasonably detailed photointertation, it has been necessary that it be at relatively large scales, normally in the range of 1:5,000 to 1:15,000. Since high flight altitude is desirable to provide a reasonable probability of successfully completing a mission in the presence of opposition, the scale requirement has necessitated the use of long focal length cameras. However, in the newer aircraft, the space and carrying capacity available is decreasing drastically. It appears certain that to provide further increases in aerodynamic performance in the future, this trend will continue. In addition, technical intelligence requirements are becoming much more severe, requiring that aerial photography resolve much smaller dimensions on the ground than has been the case previously. Fortunately, a new generation of aerial cameras is being developed to keep pace, the so called "high-acuity" cameras. Resolution with these may be expected to exceed considerably that obtained with previous cameras. These high-acuity systems offer the potential for keeping pace with the increasingly severe intelligence, aerodynamic and photographic interpretation requirements. The human eye may be considered to have a maximum resolving power of approximately ten lines per millimeter. Assuming that photography from high acuity systems will resolve at least fifty lines per millimeter, and possibly exceed one-hundred, a magnification of from five to more than ten will be required to fully benefit from this resolution. Such magnification may occur either in printing the negatives, in the viewing device used by the interpreter, or in some combination in the two stages. From several standpoints, however, it appears certain that an appreciable part will be in the printing process. In photography, it is axiomatic that resolution is lost in virtually every process. In projection printing, this loss is attributable to not only the projection: lens and printing material, but also to other characteristics of the projection printer. One of these of potential importance is the cone angle of the illumination furnished by the printer at a given point on the negative. Projection printers fall into two classes: those employing diffuse illumination, in which the illumination cone angle may approach 180 degrees, and those employing illumination directed by a condensing-lens system, in which type the cone angle may be in the vicinity of twenty degrees. Most authorities agree that, other conditions being equivalent, a print made with a diffuse-type printer will have less contrast than one made with a condenser-type printer. From theory, any loss of contrast should result in a loss of resolution. To fully benefit from the increased capability of the new high-acuity camera systems, it is important that losses of resolution which may arise in the projection printing process be minimized. Accordingly, this investigation was made to determine the dependence of projection print resolution on the cone angle of the illumination incident at a point on the negative. It can be shown that, so far as factors affecting print resolution are concerned, the difference in illumination cone angle represents the only practical difference between the two classes of projection printers. Therefore, the procedure used in the investigation consisted in varying the illumination cone angle in a projection printer in eight steps between the limits of seven and 180 degrees. Print resolution was evaluated, and the maximum at each step was plotted against the illumination cone angle of that step. The illumination source used was a four inch diameter disk of flashed opal glass, evenly illuminated from the reverse side by six 15-watt daylight-type flourescent tubes. The various illumination cone angles at the negative were obtained by varying the distance between the negative and the source disk. Two negatives were used in the course of the experiment. Both were 1:22.1 reductions of an original Buckbee-Meers U.S. Air Force resolution target, were made in a resolving-power test camera, and were high-contrast targets. One was on an Eastman Kodak 548 High Resolution Plate and had a limiting resolution of 446 lines per millimeter; the other was on Eastman Kodak special emulsion S.O. 1213 on film, and had a limiting resolution of 125 lines per millimeter. The latter was the one intended to approximate photography obtained with a high-acuity camera system. The projection lens was a Schneider Componon 80 mm focal length f/4 enlarging lens. The lens was used at f/5.6 throughout the investigation; at this aperture and within the limited angular field used, it gave essentially diffraction-limited performance. The printing material employed was Kodabromide projection printing paper, series were made on both Contrast Two and Contrast Four papers. For each cone angle (with each negative and printing paper contrast grade), exposures were made at five lens-to-easel distances differing by a small increment; this insured a run through best focus. At each distance, five exposures were made differing in exposure by a one-half stop increment in terms of time; this insured a run through optimum exposure. All prints were developed for 90 seconds in Kodak Dektol 2:1 at 68°F in a tray with continuous agitation, and fixed for seven minutes in one bath of Kodak Rapid Fix. Print resolution was evaluated by an experienced analyst; readings were made using a binocular microscope, reflected light, and either 13X or 30X magnification depending on the resolution level of the particular series. For a given level to be considered resolved, it was necessary that both the tangential and radial lines be resolved. Each print was evaluated twice, with the two readings being separated by approximately ten days. Analysis of the data resulting from the experiment revealed that with the H.R. 548 and S.O. 1213 emulsions used, there is no significant dependence of projection print resolution on the illumination cohe angle at the negative. Some differences were found, but these were both small and inconsistent. They are felt to have been the result of random inconsistencies, principally in the reading of resolution values at the justresolved level. The major factor which fubelieved to have been responsible for this lack of effect can be seen from a geometrical consideration of the passage of light through a negative. Consider light to be directed toward the negative at such an angle that, undeviated, it would reach the projection lens. For a clear area, the light will pass through largely undiminished and undeviated. Assuming no losses in the lens, this light will reach the image of the area. However, for an area having density, three effects will occur. A portion of the light will be absorbed in the negative and thus will be lost, photographically. Another portion will pass through undeviated. A third will be scattered in all directions; only so much of this as is within the angle subtended by the lens aperture will reach the image of the denser area. Presumably the latter two portions when combined in the image will render the dense area in the proper tonal relation. Now consider additional light to be made incident on the two areas of the negative, with the direction of this light being such that, undeviated, it would not reach the projection lens. Obviously a portion of this light will also be scattered by the dense area, and a portion of this will reach the image of that area. This, then, will alter the tonal relation of the print; it will, in fact, reduce the contrast of the two areas. This accounts for the frequently mentioned difference in contrast rendition between condenser-type and diffuse-type projection printers. The latter supply a large portion of their light at angles which are larger than that subtended by the projection lens from a given point on the negative. The reason that the foregoing did not affect the results of the present investigation lies in the fine grain nature of the negative materials used. While a coarse grained material of high density may scatter nearly all of the light transmitted, the same is not true of fine grained materials. The materials designed for use with high-acuity camera systems are fine-grained; and future materials will probably be even more so as emulsion technology advances. Two other factors probably contributed to the observed lack of dependence of resolution on cone angle. One is the fact that for a negative illuminated by a flat Lambertian source, the intensity reaching a point on the negative at a plane angle "a" to the nomal is proportional to cos^3a. Further, the portion which is lost by reflection rapidly increases for larger values of angle a. The combined effect is that once a moderate angle is exceeded, further increases should have relatively little photographic effect. This, of course, applies regardless of the nature of the negative emulsion. As a result of this investigation, two major conclusions have been reached: a. With the newer films having very fine grain and a high resolution capability, any dependence of projection print resolution on negative-illumination cone angle is negligible. b. Projection printers intended for use with high-acuity camera systems need not be limited by a requirement for a particular illumination cone angle, but rather may be designed to best meet other pertinent considerations

Pentecostal Identity, Beliefs, and Praxis: A Review Essay

Review by Caleb Courtney, Independent Scholar, Sarnia, ON

The Kepler-454 System: A Small, Not-rocky Inner Planet, a Jovian World, and a Distant Companion

Kepler-454 (KOI-273) is a relatively bright (V = 11.69 mag), Sun-like star that hosts a transiting planet candidate in a 10.6 day orbit. From spectroscopy, we estimate the stellar temperature to be 5687 ± 50 K, its metallicity to be [m/H] = 0.32 ± 0.08, and the projected rotational velocity to be v sin i 10 years and mass >12.1 MJ. The 12 exoplanets with radii <2.7 R_⊕ and precise mass measurements appear to fall into two populations, with those <1.6 R_⊕ following an Earth-like composition curve and larger planets requiring a significant fraction of volatiles. With a density of 2.76 ± 0.73 g cm^(−3), Kepler-454b lies near the mass transition between these two populations and requires the presence of volatiles and/or H/He gas

Bioinformatics Needs Assessment

An assessment of the Bioinformatics Program at MIT Libraries was conducted using quantitative and qualitative data collection methods during FY13-14. Interviews were conducted to gain insight about bioinformatics researcher’s needs and behaviors and insight about the bioinformatics support offered by the MIT Libraries. Data was collected from various services of the bioinformatics program as well as from other library services. The assessment found that the bioinformatics community is interdisciplinary and crosses traditional life science departmental boundaries. The bioinformatics community takes a collaborative do-it-yourself (DIY) approach to computational skills and analytical tools –if they don’t know something or have something to use, they find someone who does or they build it themselves. Themes from the assessment emerged such as computational skills, tools, data, instruction and interdisciplinarity. The bioinformatics community has a desire for computational skills and modular training. The MIT Libraries bioinformatics training sessions are well attended; training sessions taught by experts are popular. Recommendations for the Bioinformatics Program at MIT Libraries include being more aware of open source software tools used by the community, attempting to expand the use of commercial tools in courses, and expanding outreach and advocacy regarding bioinformatics to the entire MIT community

Finding middle ground between intellectual arrogance and intellectual servility: Development and assessment of the limitations-owning intellectual humility scale

Recent scholarship in intellectual humility (IH) has attempted to provide deeper understanding of the virtue as personality trait and its impact on an individual's thoughts, beliefs, and actions. A limitations-owning perspective of IH focuses on a proper recognition of the impact of intellectual limitations and a motivation to overcome them, placing it as the mean between intellectual arrogance and intellectual servility. We developed the Limitations-Owning Intellectual Humility Scale to assess this conception of IH with related personality constructs. In Studies 1 (n= 386) and 2 (n = 296), principal factor and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a three-factor model – owning one's intellectual limitations, appropriate discomfort with intellectual limitations, and love of learning. Study 3 (n = 322) demonstrated strong test-retest reliability of the measure over 5 months, while Study 4 (n = 612) revealed limitations-owning IH correlated negatively with dogmatism, closed-mindedness, and hubristic pride and positively with openness, assertiveness, authentic pride. It also predicted openness and closed-mindedness over and above education, social desirability, and other measures of IH. The limitations-owning understanding of IH and scale allow for a more nuanced, spectrum interpretation and measurement of the virtue, which directs future study inside and outside of psychology

Patterns of prefrontal dysfunction in alcoholics with and without Korsakoff’s syndrome, patients with Parkinson’s disease, and patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery

This study compared patterns of frontal-lobe dysfunction in alcoholics with Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS: n = 9), non-Korsakoff alcoholics (AL: n = 28), patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD: n = 18), and patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA: n = 4) relative to healthy non-neurological control (NC) participants (n = 70). The tests administered were sensitive to functions of dorsolateral prefrontal and orbito-frontal subsystems. Measures included perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-pe), errors on object alternation (OA), errors on Trails B, number of words generated on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and number of categories completed on the WCST (WCST-cc). KS patients were as impaired as AL participants on orbitofrontal measures and, on dorsolateral prefrontal measures, were impaired relative to AL participants, whose performance did not differ from controls. Patients with PD also were impaired on tests of orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal functioning but to a lesser extent than the KS patients. Moreover, most of the PD deficits were driven by the impaired performance of patients whose initial symptoms were on the right side of the body. The ACoA patients were significantly impaired on tests of orbitofrontal but not dorsolateral prefrontal functioning relative to the control group. Together, the results confirm different patterns of frontal-system impairments in patient groups having compromised frontal lobe functioning consequent to varying etiologies

Planet Candidates from K2 Campaigns 5-8 and Follow-Up Optical Spectroscopy

We present 151 planet candidates orbiting 141 stars from K2 campaigns 5-8 (C5-C8), identified through a systematic search of K2 photometry. In addition, we identify 16 targets as likely eclipsing binaries, based on their light curve morphology. We obtained follow-up optical spectra of 105/141 candidate host stars and 8/16 eclipsing binaries to improve stellar properties and to identify spectroscopic binaries. Importantly, spectroscopy enables measurements of host star radii with $\approx$10% precision, compared to $\approx$40% precision when only broadband photometry is available. The improved stellar radii enable improved planet radii. Our curated catalog of planet candidates provides a starting point for future efforts to confirm and characterize K2 discoveries.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal; 17 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, download source for full table

Correlates of intimate partner violence among adolescents in East Africa: a multi-country analysis

Introduction:&nbsp;intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global concern not only among adults but also adolescents. It has been reported that 35% of adolescent women have ever experienced IPV - occuring more so in non-industrialized countries. This study sought to understand the correlates associated with experiencing IPV among adolescent women between the ages 15 and 24 in five East African countries: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Methods:&nbsp;this was a secondary analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data on adolescent women aged 15-24 years in five East African countries. IPV was measured as a composite variable of emotional, physical, and sexual violence. Other sociodemographic, income, maternal, sexual, knowledge, behavioral, and partner-related variables were included in the analysis. Results:&nbsp;the prevalence of ever experiencing IPV was 45.1% (n=2380). A higher proportion of women who reported experiencing IPV had their first sexual encounter when they were less than 18 years of age (p&lt;0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of experiencing IPV increased almost two times for women who were aged 18-24 years (aOR: 1.7; CI: 1.3-2.3), almost four times (aOR 3.8; CI: 1.7-8.3) for those who had two or more children, and two-fold for women who had ever terminated a pregnancy compared to those who had not (aOR 2.2; CI: 1.0-4.9). Additionally, there was a higher odds (aOR: 1.5 (1.0-2.3)) of experiencing IPV if the respondent believed their husband/spouse´s abuse was justified. Conclusion:&nbsp;raising early awareness and educating both the young males and females appropriately to mitigate contributing factors to IPV could ensure stable, healthy relationships free of domestic violence in the future