Le sport comme espace de reproduction et de contestation des représentations stéréotypées de la féminité

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Le sport comme espace de reproduction et de contestation des représentations stéréotypées de la féminité

De plus en plus de filles et de femmes participent à des sports de tradition masculine tels que le hockey, l'haltérophilie ou la boxe. Cette transformation de la réalité sportive a-t-elle un impact sur les normes dominantes de la féminité? L'objectif principal des auteures de cette étude était double : d'une part, vérifier dans quelle mesure les adolescentes et les adolescents québécois adhèrent ou résistent aux normes de féminité véhiculées par l'institution sportive; d'autre part, voir dans quelle mesure leurs dispositions à l'égard de ces normes sont liées à une conception plus ou moins stéréotypée de la féminité. Deux des processus de construction sociale du genre proposés par Harding (1986), soit le symbolisme dichotomique de genre et la structuration selon le genre des sphères d'activités sociales, sont au fondement de cette recherche

Le sport comme espace de reproduction et de contestation des représentations stéréotypées de la féminité

De plus en plus de filles et de femmes participent à des sports de tradition masculine tels que le hockey, l’haltérophilie ou la boxe. Cette transformation de la réalité sportive a-t-elle un impact sur les normes dominantes de la féminité? L’objectif principal des auteures de cette étude était double : d’une part, vérifier dans quelle mesure les adolescentes et les adolescents québécois adhèrent ou résistent aux normes de féminité véhiculées par l’institution sportive; d’autre part, voir dans quelle mesure leurs dispositions à l’égard de ces normes sont liées à une conception plus ou moins stéréotypée de la féminité. Deux des processus de construction sociale du genre proposés par Harding (1986), soit le symbolisme dichotomique de genre et la structuration selon le genre des sphères d’activités sociales, sont au fondement de cette recherche. Une démarche méthodologique qualitative a été privilégiée. Au total, 354 jeunes (180 filles et 174 garçons) de cinquième secondaire de trois milieux socioéconomiques différents ont rédigé une « lettre d’opinion » sur leur conception de la féminité et sur leur perception des filles qui pratiquent des sports socialement perçus comme « masculins ». L’analyse de contenu des lettres d’opinion révèle que la sphère sportive constitue à la fois un espace de reproduction et un espace de contestation de la division sexuelle. Les résultats confirment des rapports inégalitaires entre les sexes : les garçons sont trois fois plus nombreux que les filles à exprimer un jugement négatif au regard de la participation de ces dernières à des sports de tradition masculine. À l’opposé, une forte majorité de filles voient dans ces pratiques un lieu de contestation de l’ordre social de genre. L’analyse des conceptions de la féminité indique, par ailleurs, que l’adhésion aux représentations stéréotypées du sexe est plus prégnante dans l’imaginaire des jeunes que l’assignation sexuée des pratiques sportives, et ce, tant chez les filles que chez les garçons. Enfin, l’examen des interconnexions entre le sexe et le niveau socioéconomique suggère une double domination pour les filles du milieu populaire et une forme de complicité dans la domination chez les garçons et les filles du milieu bien nanti.More and more girls and women currently engage in sports of masculine tradition like hockey, weightlifting and boxing. Does this transformation in the sport reality have an impact on the dominant norms of femininity? The overall objective of this study was two-fold: first, to verify if Québec adolescents adhere to or contest the norms of femininity carried by the sport institution, and second, to evaluate to what extent their opinion with regard to theses norms are linked to a stereotyped conception of femininity. Two of the processes proposed by Harding (1986) with regard to the social construction of gender, « gender symbolism » and « gender structure », are at the foundation of our research. A qualitative methodology was adopted. Three hundred fifty-four teenagers (180 girls and 174 boys) of fifth grade (high school) from three different socioeconomic milieus wrote an « opinion letter » on their conception of femininity and of girls who play so called « male sports ». A content analysis of the opinion letters reveals that the sport arena is altogether a site of reproduction and of contestation of the gender order. Results confirm gender inequality: the boys being three times numerous than the girls to express a negative judgement with regard to girls playing « male sports ». In contrast, a good majority of girls see in this transgression of the gender sport order an opportunity to contest the social gender order. The analysis of the conceptions of femininity shows however that the adhesion to the gender stereotypes is more salient in the teenagers' imagination than the gendered division of sport practices, and this, among the girls as well as among the boys. The examination of the intersection between gender and socioeconomic milieu suggests that girls from undeserved milieu experience a double domination (gender and class) and that there is a kind of complicity between the girls and the boys of the affluent milieu in the exercise of domination

Pathology Testing at the Point of Patient Care: Transformational Change for Rural Communities

Point-of-care (POC) testing is an innovative and revolutionary in vitro diagnostic (IVD) technology that enables the real-time conduct of pathology testing during a patient consultation, facilitating immediate clinical action. When conducted under a quality-assured framework, POC testing is an essential diagnostic tool, and is now well embedded, in primary health care settings in rural communities around the world. POC testing helps bridge the gap in health equity access that exists in geographically isolated rural communities and empowers patients to invest in understanding and improving their own health literacy. Using POC testing networks for chronic, acute and infectious diseases that are currently operating in rural and remote Australia, this chapter explores the operational, clinical and economic benefits that POC testing can deliver, and the lessons learned that have contributed to continuously improved quality of POC testing service delivery. Investment in POC testing and infrastructure by Australian governments, both federal and state, has reaped significant rewards for patients in rural communities. Additionally, translational research in this field has provided insight into how POC testing can be successfully scaled up for broad application in low- and middle-income countries

Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Evidence regarding corticosteroid use for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Objective: To determine whether hydrocortisone improves outcome for patients with severe COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: An ongoing adaptive platform trial testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, for example, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, or immunoglobulin. Between March 9 and June 17, 2020, 614 adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled and randomized within at least 1 domain following admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory or cardiovascular organ support at 121 sites in 8 countries. Of these, 403 were randomized to open-label interventions within the corticosteroid domain. The domain was halted after results from another trial were released. Follow-up ended August 12, 2020. Interventions: The corticosteroid domain randomized participants to a fixed 7-day course of intravenous hydrocortisone (50 mg or 100 mg every 6 hours) (n = 143), a shock-dependent course (50 mg every 6 hours when shock was clinically evident) (n = 152), or no hydrocortisone (n = 108). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of ICU-based respiratory or cardiovascular support) within 21 days, where patients who died were assigned -1 day. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model that included all patients enrolled with severe COVID-19, adjusting for age, sex, site, region, time, assignment to interventions within other domains, and domain and intervention eligibility. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Results: After excluding 19 participants who withdrew consent, there were 384 patients (mean age, 60 years; 29% female) randomized to the fixed-dose (n = 137), shock-dependent (n = 146), and no (n = 101) hydrocortisone groups; 379 (99%) completed the study and were included in the analysis. The mean age for the 3 groups ranged between 59.5 and 60.4 years; most patients were male (range, 70.6%-71.5%); mean body mass index ranged between 29.7 and 30.9; and patients receiving mechanical ventilation ranged between 50.0% and 63.5%. For the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively, the median organ support-free days were 0 (IQR, -1 to 15), 0 (IQR, -1 to 13), and 0 (-1 to 11) days (composed of 30%, 26%, and 33% mortality rates and 11.5, 9.5, and 6 median organ support-free days among survivors). The median adjusted odds ratio and bayesian probability of superiority were 1.43 (95% credible interval, 0.91-2.27) and 93% for fixed-dose hydrocortisone, respectively, and were 1.22 (95% credible interval, 0.76-1.94) and 80% for shock-dependent hydrocortisone compared with no hydrocortisone. Serious adverse events were reported in 4 (3%), 5 (3%), and 1 (1%) patients in the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with a 7-day fixed-dose course of hydrocortisone or shock-dependent dosing of hydrocortisone, compared with no hydrocortisone, resulted in 93% and 80% probabilities of superiority with regard to the odds of improvement in organ support-free days within 21 days. However, the trial was stopped early and no treatment strategy met prespecified criteria for statistical superiority, precluding definitive conclusions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Sociologie de l’autisme : Une pratique compréhensive ancrée dans une épistémologie relationnelle

Cet article prend la forme d’un exercice réflexif sur ma pratique de la sociologie. Je montre en quoi l’autisme peut être un objet d’étude et de questionnements sociologiques, suivis des principaux ancrages théoriques que j’utilise pour analyser l’expérience sociale du quotidien et les processus d’individuation. J’aborde par la suite le pluralisme méthodologique qui traverse mes différents projets de recherche et duquel je tente de tirer profit de deux outils de l’épistémologie relationnelle (l’intersubjectivité et le caractère coconstruit des connaissances). Mes travaux me permettent de dresser une double heuristique de l’autisme, à la fois comme un observatoire de la normativité sociale contemporaine et des rapports sociaux pour l’étude des processus d’exclusion, et comme une fenêtre pour l’étude microsociologique des interactions sociales.This article takes the form of a reflective exercise on my practice of sociology. I discuss how autism can be an object of sociological study and questioning, followed by the main theoretical anchors that I use for analyzing everyday social experience and individuation processes. I then move to methodological pluralism that runs through my research and from which I draw two tools of relational epistemology (intersubjectivity and the co-constructed nature of knowledge). My work allows me to develop a dual heuristic of autism as an observatory of social normativity and contemporary social relations for the study of exclusion processes and as a gateway for the microsociological study of social interactions.Este artículo toma la forma de un ejercicio reflexivo sobre mi practica de la sociología. Demuestro de que manera el autismo puede ser objeto de estudio y de cuestionamientos sociológicos, seguidos por los principales anclajes teóricos que utilizo para analizar la experiencia social de lo cotidiano y de los procesos de individuación. Abordo luego el pluralismo metodológico que atraviesa mis diferentes proyectos de investigación y a partir de los cuales intento sacar provecho de dos herramientas pertenecientes a la epistemología relacional (la intersubjetividad y el carácter co-construido de los conocimientos). Mis trabajos me permiten diseñar una doble heurística del autismo. Por un lado, como un observatorio sobre la normatividad social contemporánea y el estudio de las relaciones sociales resultantes del proceso de exclusión. Al mismo tiempo, como una ventana para estudiar la microsociología de las relaciones sociales

La carrière de joueuse de hockey sur glace de haut niveau au Québec : une pratique transgressive ponctuée d’obstacles

Les auteures examinent l’expérience de femmes actives dans la pratique du hockey de haut niveau ou à la retraite. Dix entrevues ont été réalisées afin d’analyser les obstacles que ces joueuses de hockey ont rencontrés au fil de leur trajectoire et la manière dont elles ont été en mesure de bâtir et de maintenir leur carrière dans une discipline de tradition masculine. L’analyse de leur récit, à la lumière de la perspective des rapports sociaux de sexe et du concept de carrière déviante, montre que le hockey au Québec demeure une pratique fortement marquée par les inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes.The authors examine the experience of women who are active in high-level ice hockey or retired. Ten interviews were conducted to analyze the obstacles that these hockey players encountered along the way and the way in which they were able to build and maintain their careers in a traditionally male discipline. The analysis of their stories, through the lens of gender relations and the concept of deviant careers, shows that hockey in Quebec is still a practice strongly marked by inequalities between men and women.Este artículo se centra en la experiencia de mujeres activas o retiradas del hockey de alto nivel. Se realizaron diez entrevistas para analizar los obstáculos que encontraron a lo largo de su carrera y cómo pudieron construir y mantener sus carreras en una disciplina tradicionalmente masculina. El análisis de su historia, a la luz de la perspectiva de las relaciones sociales de género y del concepto de carrera desviada, muestra que el hockey en Quebec sigue siendo una práctica fuertemente marcada por las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres