45 research outputs found
La relation des porcs aux humains en Ă©levage : bases biologiques et impact des pratiques
SynthĂšse.The relationship between pigs and humans is at the heart of animal husbandry and is one of the pillars of the animal welfare issue. Indeed, humans, through their behaviour and their choices of practices, housing conditions and herd management, influence the mental state of their animals. This article aims to review the work in the field of pig farming. We first describe the impact of farming practices and management systems on the relationship between pigs and humans. Experiments have shown that many practices cause pain, anxiety and subsequent reactions of fear in piglets towards humans, even unknown ones. Other practices can be stressful (sorting) or positive (feeding) for animals. âRelationalâ practices, in the sense of practices aimed at developing a close relationship, reduce fear. We then describe impacts of categories of human interactions (auditory, visual, tactile) on pig behaviour. Human presence, at a rate of a few minutes per day, is sufficient to get a piglet used to humans. Talking to animals is essential, and has an impact even in utero. Piglets appreciate soft tactile contacts, caresses and scratches. Human presence, combined with positive interactions, thus gains a positive value, which creates a climate of trust and stimulates positive emotions that will improve animal welfare. Finally, we discuss the importance of considering pig behaviour to create a good relationship in pig farming and to train and give advice to farmers. Stimulating a good relationship (fearless and confident) will not only promote the welfare of pigs but also secure the work of farmers and improve their job satisfaction.La relation entre les porcs et les humains est au centre de lâĂ©levage et est aujourdâhui un des piliers de la question du bien-ĂȘtre animal. En effet, lâhumain, par son comportement et par ses choix de pratiques, de conditions de logement et de gestion du troupeau va influencer lâĂ©tat mental de ses animaux. Cette synthĂšse se propose de faire le bilan des travaux sur la relation humain-animal dans le domaine de lâĂ©levage porcin. Nous dĂ©crivons tout dâabord lâimpact des pratiques et des modes dâĂ©levage sur la relation Ă lâhumain. Des expĂ©rimentations ont montrĂ© que certaines pratiques sont source de douleur et dâangoisse pour les porcelets, et provoquent des rĂ©actions ultĂ©rieures de peur vis-Ă -vis des humains, mĂȘme inconnus. Dâautres pratiques peuvent ĂȘtre stressantes (tri) ou positives (alimentation) pour les animaux. Des pratiques dites relationnelles, au sens de pratiques ayant pour but de dĂ©velopper une relation de proximitĂ©, vont diminuer la peur des humains et favoriser une relation de confiance. Nous dĂ©crivons ensuite lâimpact des diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories dâinteractions humaines (auditives, visuelles, tactiles) sur le comportement des porcs. La prĂ©sence humaine suffit Ă habituer un porcelet aux humains, Ă raison de quelques minutes par jour. Parler aux animaux est primordial, et a un impact mĂȘme in utero. Les porcelets apprĂ©cient les contacts tactiles doux, caresses ou grattages. Lâhumain, associĂ© Ă des interactions positives, va ainsi prendre une valeur positive, ce qui permettra dâinstaurer un climat de confiance et pourra susciter des Ă©motions positives favorables au bien-ĂȘtre animal. Finalement, nous discutons de lâimportance de prendre en compte le comportement des porcs pour crĂ©er une bonne relation en Ă©levage, et de la prise en compte de lâimpact de la relation dans la formation et le conseil aux Ă©leveurs. Favoriser une bonne relation (sans peur et en confiance) sera bĂ©nĂ©fique non seulement pour le bien-ĂȘtre des porcs, mais aussi pour la sĂ©curitĂ© et la satisfaction au travail des Ă©leveurs
Développement et utilisation d'un outil de description des pratiques humaines et des réactions des animaux lors de manipulations en élevage de porc
Session : Bien ĂȘtreSession : Bien ĂȘtreThe evaluation of the humanâanimal relationship is a core facet of livestock systems but it rarely takes into account simultaneously the human and the animal. The aim of this experiment was to measure human operator and animal behaviour during handling. We first built record sheets listing all the observable operator and animal actions during standard husbandry practices. They were then used in two situations: the transfer at weaning of 107 sows from farrowing to mating unit by 5 operators and the sorting of 144 selected fattening pigs from their pen by 4 operators prior to transfer to the abattoir. A total of 57 human and 24 animal actions were listed. The operators did not differ in the number of negative actions (Fisherâs test) and the duration of transfer of the sows (ANOVA), whereas the number of negative reactions from sows differed between operators (P < 0.01, Fisherâs test). For fattening pigs, we observed differences among the operators concerning the number of negative actions and the number of negative reactions of the pigs (P < 10â4, Fisherâs test), and a tendency for the duration of sorting (P = 0.09, ANOVA). Comparable frequencies of negative actions did not lead to similar negative reactions, and different frequencies of negative actions could lead to similar frequencies of negative reactions. The four operators who moved the fattening pigs were distinguished by a cluster analysis, based on their use of auditory, visual and tactile contacts. This tool is promising to study the humanâanimal relationship in working conditions, but will have to be validated in larger conditions
AmĂ©liorer la relation homme animal en Ă©levage au bĂ©nĂ©fice de lâhomme et de ses animaux
International audienc
Accompagner les Ă©leveurs pour une meilleure prise en charge des douleurs animales : le cas de lâĂ©cornage des bovins et de la caudectomie des porcs (AccEC).
Le projet AccEC, portĂ© par le RMT « Bien-ĂȘtre animal », reposait sur une approche multi-acteurs visant
Ă crĂ©er les conditions dâune rĂ©flexion collective. Un comitĂ© dâĂ©change national et des groupes de
discussion rĂ©gionaux ont ainsi permis lâexpression des points de vue et des propositions des diffĂ©rents
acteurs concernĂ©s. Deux modules expĂ©rimentaux ont dĂ©bouchĂ© sur le dĂ©veloppement dâoutils
dâaccompagnement des Ă©leveurs pour soulager la douleur durant lâĂ©cornage des jeunes veaux et la
caudectomie des porcelets, et à minimiser les facteurs de risques associés à la caudophagie chez le
porc. En complément de la validation de protocoles de prise en charge de la douleur et de la
formalisation de conseils pratiques pour la réalisation des opérations ou la prévention des risques, un
module de formation Ă lâĂ©cornage a Ă©tĂ© conçu puis testĂ© auprĂšs de 40 Ă©leveurs. Sa pertinence et son
impact sur les pratiques (observation et entretien avec les éleveurs avant et aprÚs formation) ont été
Ă©valuĂ©s. LâoriginalitĂ© de cette formation est dâassocier une approche technique et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire permettant
de transmettre les Ă©lĂ©ments de savoir-faire pratique et de faciliter lâaccompagnement vĂ©tĂ©rinaire pour la
réalisation des anesthésies locales. La démarche pédagogique adoptée a été reconnue comme une
des rĂ©ussites du projet.The « AccEc » project, carried by RMT âAnimal welfareâ, was based on a multi-stakeholdersâ approach
to create good conditions for a collective reflection. A national committee and regional discussion
groups allowed the different stakeholders to express their points of view and proposals. Two
experimental work-packages resulted in the development of tools to guide breeders in relieving pain
when dishorning calves and during piglets docking. In addition to the validation of protocols designed to
handle pain and the formalisation of practical pieces of advice to perform the operation or prevent the
risks, a dishorning training was created and tested. Its relevance and its impact on practices were
assessed by observations and interviews with breeders before and after the training. This training
program originality lies in the association of technical and veterinary approaches, allowing for
transmission of practical skills and making veterinary support to local anaesthetic easier. The
educational approach selected has been recognized as one of the successes of this project
A co-elaborative tool to assess growing pigs welfare
Animal welfare assessment systems are mainly used by external auditors. Better commitment could be achieved if farmers could assess the welfare of their pigs themselves and act to improve it. A project was designed to build an animal welfare assessment tool with farmers from three different French regions. An exhaustive list of criteria was established at three co-design workshops involving farmers, their advisers and animal welfare experts. Farmers indicated how they evaluated whether their animals were doing well, either spontaneously in a brainstorming discussion, or by answering to questions from a naĂŻve visitor. Then representatives of the groups gathered, prioritized and selected the criteria according to four dimensions: housing (cleanliness, moisture, resting posture), behaviour (fear of human, use of enrichment material),health (diarrhoea, coughing, lameness, severe body/tail lesions, physical appearance) and feeding (trough/drinker cleanliness, low body weight). They proposed rapid measurement methods (observation at group level from the corridor and individually in the pen) and stages to use them: two rooms in the post weaning period (PW) and two rooms in the growingfinishing period (G). A prototype tool was built on these bases. Farmers and advisers scored their animals twice, after the training session and six months later (spring 2017). The first series of evaluation indicated that lameness frequency was lower in PW than in G (0.27 vs 0.41% of pigs) and ranged from 0 to 1.7% (PW) and 3.6% (G). Exploratory behaviour was scored whenentering the room and 10 minutes later. The percentage of pens with enrichment investigation was higher after 10 minutes presence, higher in PW period than in G period (34.5 vs 23.1%) and ranged from 0 to 100% of pens. The feedback of both sessions will allow to assess the feasibility of this tool in different type of farms, the difficulties encountered in the implementation by the farmers and to finalize with them a list of relevant measures
Accompagner les Ă©leveurs pour une meilleure prise en charge des douleurs animales : le cas de lâĂ©cornage des bovins et de la caudectomie des porcs(AccEC).
Ce numĂ©ro comprend les articles correspondant aux prĂ©sentations du Colloque Casdar 2018.The « AccEc » project, carried by RMT âAnimal welfareâ, was based on a multi-stakeholdersâ approachto create good conditions for a collective reflection. A national committee and regional discussiongroups allowed the different stakeholders to express their points of view and proposals. Twoexperimental work-packages resulted in the development of tools to guide breeders in relieving painwhen dishorning calves and during piglets docking. In addition to the validation of protocols designed tohandle pain and the formalisation of practical pieces of advice to perform the operation or prevent therisks, a dishorning training was created and tested. Its relevance and its impact on practices wereassessed by observations and interviews with breeders before and after the training. This trainingprogram originality lies in the association of technical and veterinary approaches, allowing fortransmission of practical skills and making veterinary support to local anaesthetic easier. Theeducational approach selected has been recognized as one of the successes of this project.Le projet AccEC, portĂ© par le RMT « Bien-ĂȘtre animal », reposait sur une approche multi-acteurs visantĂ crĂ©er les conditions dâune rĂ©flexion collective. Un comitĂ© dâĂ©change national et des groupes dediscussion rĂ©gionaux ont ainsi permis lâexpression des points de vue et des propositions des diffĂ©rentsacteurs concernĂ©s. Deux modules expĂ©rimentaux ont dĂ©bouchĂ© sur le dĂ©veloppement dâoutilsdâaccompagnement des Ă©leveurs pour soulager la douleur durant lâĂ©cornage des jeunes veaux et lacaudectomie des porcelets, et Ă minimiser les facteurs de risques associĂ©s Ă la caudophagie chez leporc. En complĂ©ment de la validation de protocoles de prise en charge de la douleur et de laformalisation de conseils pratiques pour la rĂ©alisation des opĂ©rations ou la prĂ©vention des risques, unmodule de formation Ă lâĂ©cornage a Ă©tĂ© conçu puis testĂ© auprĂšs de 40 Ă©leveurs. Sa pertinence et sonimpact sur les pratiques (observation et entretien avec les Ă©leveurs avant et aprĂšs formation) ont Ă©tĂ©Ă©valuĂ©s. LâoriginalitĂ© de cette formation est dâassocier une approche technique et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire permettantde transmettre les Ă©lĂ©ments de savoir-faire pratique et de faciliter lâaccompagnement vĂ©tĂ©rinaire pour larĂ©alisation des anesthĂ©sies locales. La dĂ©marche pĂ©dagogique adoptĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© reconnue comme unedes rĂ©ussites du projet
La prise en charge de la douleur lors de la caudectomie et de la castration des porcelets
Pain relief at piglet tail docking and castrationMeloxicam treatment of piglets is routinely performed in France to alleviate pain due to surgical castration. Two trials were carried out using a similar experimental protocol in order to 1.) evaluate the efficacy of meloxicam (M) to relieve pain due to tail docking (Q) performed at 2 or 5 days of age, 2.) evaluate the influence of tail docking (Q) and surgical castration (C) performed at the same time, and evaluate, in this situation, the efficacy of meloxicam associated or not with butorphanol (B) to relieve pain. In trial 1, piglets were tail docked with hot cautery iron at 2 or 5 days of age after i.m. injection of meloxicam (M) or saline (P) or were only handled (T). In trial 2, 2-day old piglets allocated to five experimental groups were compared: C/M, Q/M, QC/M, QC/MB, QC/P. Post-operative behaviour was recorded in 24 piglets per treatment and age and blood sampling was performed on 21 to 23 other piglets.Tail docking induced more tail trembling (P < 0.001) but other post-surgical behaviours did not differ significantly between treatments. Plasma cortisol was lower in T than in P piglets (P < 0.05) and intermediate in M piglets (77.2 ± 22.4, 86.7 ± 18.1 and 97.8 ± 25.5 ng/ml in T, M and P piglets, respectively), suggesting a partial pain relief. Pain-related indicators varied with age but it was not possible to conclude whether tail docking is more or less painful at one or the other age.Performing both interventions at 2 days of age induced an acute pain similar to that observed after castration alone. Standing and exploring were more frequent (P < 0.05) while plasma cortisol level was lower (P < 0.1) in QC/MB than in QC/M piglets. The responses of piglets suggested better pain alleviation by MB than by M treatment but this alleviation was still incomplete.La prise en charge de la douleur lors de la caudectomie et de la castration des porceletsLâanalgĂ©sie sous mĂ©loxicam est pratiquĂ©e en France lors de la castration des porcelets. Deux essais ont Ă©tĂ© mis en place pour 1.) Ă©valuer lâintĂ©rĂȘt dâune pratique similaire lors de la caudectomie (Q) pratiquĂ©e Ă 2 ou 5 jours dâĂąge, 2.) mesurer les effets de la rĂ©alisation simultanĂ©e de la caudectomie (Q) et de la castration (C), et envisager dans ce cas la possibilitĂ© de rĂ©duire la douleur via lâutilisation de mĂ©loxicam (M), associĂ© ou non Ă du butorphanol (B). Dans lâessai 1, les porcelets de 2 ou 5 jours ont la queue coupĂ©e et cautĂ©risĂ©e aprĂšs lâadministration de mĂ©loxicam ou dâun placebo (P) ou sont simplement manipulĂ©s (T). Dans lâessai 2, cinq traitements sont comparĂ©s chez des porcelets de 2 jours : C/M, Q/M , QC/M, QC/MB, QC/P. Le comportement post-opĂ©ratoire est suivi pour 24 porcelets par traitement et par Ăąge et un prĂ©lĂšvement sanguin effectuĂ© sur 21 Ă 23 autres animaux.La caudectomie entraĂźne des tremblements de la queue (P < 0,001) mais les autres comportements post-opĂ©ratoires ne diffĂšrent pas entre les trois traitements. La concentration en cortisol plasmatique est plus faible chez les porcelets T que P (P < 0,05) et intermĂ©diaire chez les M (respectivement 77,2 ± 22,4, 86,7 ± 18,1 et 97,8 ± 25,5 ng/ml pour T, M et P), suggĂ©rant une analgĂ©sie imparfaite. Les indicateurs de la douleur diffĂšrent en fonction de lâĂąge mais il nâest pas possible de conclure si lâintervention est plus ou moins douloureuse Ă lâun ou lâautre Ăąge.La rĂ©alisation simultanĂ©e des interventions Ă 2 jours induit une douleur peu diffĂ©rente de celle due Ă la castration seule. Le temps passĂ© debout et en exploration est plus Ă©levĂ© pour les porcelets QC/MB que QC/M (P < 0,05) et la teneur en cortisol plasmatique plus faible (P < 0,1). La douleur est mieux prise en charge par MB que par M, mais cette prise en charge reste incomplĂšte
A model to induce cannibalism outbreak on pigs based on frustration of exploratory behaviour
A model of cannibalism in pigs was built from the frustration of investigation, generated in two trials by the withdrawal from the fifth day of fattening period (FP) of the pen enrichment supplied during the post weaning period (PW). Three levels of enrichment were applied: in Trial 1 (T1): slatted floors and progressive supply of chain-plastic pipe or cord (E-) vs no object (A) (12 pens/treatment: A vs E-); Trial 2 (T2): straw bedding (E+) vs slatted floor with progressive supply of objects (E-) (12 pens/treatment: E- vs E+). During the first four days of
the FP, piglets had cords and plastic pipes (P) vs no material (A) (6 pens per treatment: T1: A/A, A/P, E/A, and E-/P; T2: E-/A, E-/ P, E+/A, and E+/P). Behaviour was video recorded every 2 weeks during PW, then daily during the first four days and finally at Day 7 of the fattening period. The social interactions, tail biting, pen and object investigation performed in pens for two hours were submitted to variance analysis (Proc Mixed SAS). Tails and ears injuries were scored three times in PW and daily for the two first weeks in FP (Ï2 test). During PW, enrichment promoted interest towards object (T1: 2% total scan for E- vs 0 for A; P<0.05), and more straw investigation compared to objects ones (T2: 23.2 for E+ vs 3.5% total scan for E-, P<0.05). No severe tail and ears lesions were observed in both trials. At Day 4 of FP, the withdrawal of objects did not strongly affected the behaviour, except in T2 showing more positive social interactions (33 for E-/A vs 23% total items for E-/P; P<0.05). Cannibalism outbreak was only limited to three pens in T2 (E+/A, E-/A, E-/P), and any case at Day 7,
highlighting multifactorial causes of cannibalism
BEEP : un outil Ă disposition des Ă©leveurs pour objectiver le bien-ĂȘtre de leurs animaux
Les questions relatives au bien-ĂȘtre animal apparaissent souvent comme des contraintes pour les Ă©leveurs, alors quâils sont le mieux Ă mĂȘme de parler de leurs animaux et de leurs pratiques. Un outil d'Ă©valuation du bien-ĂȘtre animal a Ă©tĂ© co-construit avec des Ă©leveurs de trois rĂ©gions. Cet article prĂ©sente les mĂ©thodes utilisĂ©es lors de sa conception ainsi que lâoutil consolidĂ©. Une liste exhaustive de critĂšres a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie lors de trois ateliers de co-Ă©laboration impliquant des Ă©leveurs, leurs conseillers et des experts du bien-ĂȘtre animal. Les Ă©leveurs ont indiquĂ© comment ils Ă©valuaient si leurs animaux se portaient bien, soit de maniĂšre spontanĂ©e lors dâĂ©changes, soit en rĂ©agissant aux questions d'un visiteur naĂŻf. Des reprĂ©sentants des groupes ont ensuite recueilli, hiĂ©rarchisĂ© et sĂ©lectionnĂ© les critĂšres selon quatre dimensions : logement, comportement, santĂ© et alimentation. Ils ont proposĂ© des modes opĂ©ratoires pour la rĂ©alisation des mesures en Ă©levage. Un prototype d'outil a Ă©tĂ© construit et testĂ© par les Ă©leveurs et leurs techniciens Ă deux reprises dans leurs Ă©levages. Les retours d'expĂ©rience des deux sessions de notation ont permis d'Ă©valuer la faisabilitĂ© de cet outil dans diffĂ©rents types de fermes, les difficultĂ©s rencontrĂ©es dans sa mise en Ćuvre par les Ă©leveurs, et de finaliser avec eux une liste de mesures pertinentes. Lâoutil final comporte 15 mesures Ă relever principalement sur les animaux, dans deux salles en post-sevrage et en engraissement. Cet outil a vocation Ă ĂȘtre largement utilisĂ© par les Ă©leveurs ou leurs conseillers, qui pourront objectiver la situation de lâĂ©levage, se comparer aux autres Ă©levages et envisager des voies de progrĂšs.Animal welfare issues often appear as constraints for farmers, even though they are the people best placed to talk about their animals and practices. An animal welfare assessment tool was co-constructed with farmers from three regions of France. This article presents the methods used during development as well as the final tool. An exhaustive list of criteria was established at three co-development workshops involving farmers, their advisers and animal welfare experts. Farmers indicated how they evaluate whether their animals are doing well, either spontaneously during exchanges or by responding to questions from a naive visitor. Group representatives then looked at and ranked all the criteria and selected some of them according to four dimensions: housing, behaviour, health and feeding. They proposed procedures for carrying out measures on the farm. A prototype tool was then built and tested by farmers and their technicians twice on their farms. The feedback from the two scoring sessions made it possible to evaluate the feasibility of this tool on different types of farms, identify the difficulties encountered during implementation by farmers and finalise a list of relevant measures with farmers. The final tool consists of 15 measures to be taken mainly on animals, in two rooms during the post-weaning and fattening periods. This tool is intended to be widely used by farmers or their advisers to assess the condition of the farm and its animals according to these indicators, compare it to other farms and consider pathways for progress