It would be a Pleasure : Augmented Reality and Engagement in a Heritage Context

The interchangeability, confusion and conflict of what constitutes audience engagement has a long history, with much disagreement concerning boundaries and definitions. Dewey states that it is a mistake to see the artist as active and the audience as purely passive, and argues that “the active engagement of the audience is required to fully realise any work” (Dewey 1934). This predates the notions of “interactive” or “participatory” as understood today, but highlights the longstanding appreciation of the role the audience plays in the consumption of artworks. A sentiment echoed by Duchamp (1957) stating that “the spectator adds his contribution to the creative act”. The research project presented at EVA 2017 seeks to offer a model for engagement, that of pleasure, which explores methods to motivate active participation

Gas-Phase Separations of Protein and Peptide Ion Fragments Generated by Collision-Induced Dissociation in an Ion Trap

Ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques have been used to examine distributions of fragment ions generated by collision-induced dissociation (CID) in a quadrupole ion trap. The mobility-based separation step prior to mass-to-charge (m/z) analysis reduces spectral congestion and provides information that complements m/z-based assignments of peaks. The approach is demonstrated by examining fragmentation patterns of insulin chain B (a 30-residue peptide), and ubiquitin (a protein containing 76 amino acids). Some fragments of ubiquitin show evidence for multiple stable conformations. Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques and tandem (MS/MS or MS n ) 1,2 strategies can provide detailed structural information about many different types of ions, including those generated from peptides, 3-5 proteins, 6-11 and carbohydrates. [12][13][14] Recently, a number of groups have investigated the ability to determine information about sequences from dissociating whole proteins, an approach that is referred to as top-down sequencing. 9 The ability to generate and assign fragments directly from protein parent ions offers several potential advantages, as compared with proteolytic approaches. For example, none of the solution chemistry associated with digestion and cleanup is required. Moreover, the entire protein sequence is potentially available from MS/MS analysis of the intact protein, whereas regions of sequence are often lost upon digestion and sample clean up. With this in mind, a variety of activation methods and instrumental configurations [6][7][8][9][10][11][15][16][17][18][19][20] have been used to produce and analyze fragment ions from whole proteins. After activation and dissociation are achieved, a significant issue in these systems is the complex pattern of peaks that arises from dissociation of multiply charged ions. Fragment ions may exist over a range of charge states and sizes, and peak assignments are often complicated by the inability to resolve isotopic structure in high-charge state fragments, as well as overlapping peaks associated with different fragments. Two strategies appear particularly well-suited for reducing spectral congestion in these systems. High-resolution techniques, such as Fourier transform (FT) MS often allow isotopic peaks (as well as overlapping isotope distributions from multiple ions) to be resolved, even for high-charge state fragments. 9,10 Additionally the high-mass accuracy associated with FTMS measurements is valuable for assigning peaks. Another approach that has emerged as a means of reducing spectral congestion involves exposing highly charged fragments to oppositely charged ions (ion/ion reactions). 20 As protons are removed from high-charge state fragment ions, peaks are shifted to higher m/z values, reducing spectral congestion and removing ambiguities associated with assigning charge states. 8,11,20 The kinetics of charge reduction is such that high-charge-state ions react faster than low-chargestate ions; it is possible to rapidly reduce a distribution of charge states and fragments to primarily singly and doubly charged ions. In this paper, we present an alternative strategy for reducing spectral congestion upon dissociation of multiply charged proteins, a combined ion mobility/time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry approach to analysis of fragments that are produced from collisioninduced dissociation in an ion trap. The mobility-based separation of fragment ions that can be carried out prior to MS analysis appears to be an advantage that is unique to the injected-ion drift tube configuration. The separation reduces spectral congestion † Current address

Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes

BACKGROUND: Statin therapy reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular events, but whether the addition of ezetimibe, a nonstatin drug that reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption, can reduce the rate of cardiovascular events further is not known. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial involving 18,144 patients who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome within the preceding 10 days and had LDL cholesterol levels of 50 to 100 mg per deciliter (1.3 to 2.6 mmol per liter) if they were receiving lipid-lowering therapy or 50 to 125 mg per deciliter (1.3 to 3.2 mmol per liter) if they were not receiving lipid-lowering therapy. The combination of simvastatin (40 mg) and ezetimibe (10 mg) (simvastatin-ezetimibe) was compared with simvastatin (40 mg) and placebo (simvastatin monotherapy). The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring rehospitalization, coronary revascularization ( 6530 days after randomization), or nonfatal stroke. The median follow-up was 6 years. RESULTS: The median time-weighted average LDL cholesterol level during the study was 53.7 mg per deciliter (1.4 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group, as compared with 69.5 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-monotherapy group (P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier event rate for the primary end point at 7 years was 32.7% in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group, as compared with 34.7% in the simvastatin-monotherapy group (absolute risk difference, 2.0 percentage points; hazard ratio, 0.936; 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 0.99; P = 0.016). Rates of pre-specified muscle, gallbladder, and hepatic adverse effects and cancer were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: When added to statin therapy, ezetimibe resulted in incremental lowering of LDL cholesterol levels and improved cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, lowering LDL cholesterol to levels below previous targets provided additional benefit