Does salinity variation increase synergistic effects of triclosan and carbon nanotubes on Mytilus galloprovincialis? Responses on adult tissues and sperms

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is rapidly increasing and several scientific studies have addressed their toxicological properties. However, only a very small number of publications have deal with the interaction between CNTs and other molecules. Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent used in personal care and household products. Commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, there is a strong evidence that aquatic biota is sensitive to this compound. Aside from emergent pollutants, aquatic organisms are continuously subjected to abiotic variations including salinities. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to better understand how physio-chemical interactions of CNTs with TCS under different salinity levels (37, 28 and 19) affect the mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis through the evaluation of biochemical alterations on gametes (sperms) and adult tissues, providing more ecologically relevant information on organisms' responses. The results showed toxicological effects in terms of sperm metabolic activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species production as well as cellular damage and alteration of metabolic capacity at the adult's stage when exposed to both contaminants acting alone and in combination, under tested salinities. Moreover, when the mussels were exposed to the combination of both contaminants, they showed major toxic impacts on both assessed biological levels (adult tissues and sperms) especially under control salinity. This suggests that toxicity upon mixture exposure compared to single-substance exposure may impair mussels' populations, affecting reproduction success and growth.publishe

Marcadores RAPD para detecção de resistência à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja

The objectives of this work were to confirm the PI 459025 inheritance of resistance (Rpp4) to Asian soybean rust pathogen and to detect RAPD markers linked to this resistance gene in soybean populations. Through the cross of the distint parental lines PI 459025 x Coodetec 208, a population was obtained, whose F2 and F2:3 generations had their populations artificially infected and evaluated for the reaction to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, by lesion type classification (RB – resistant and TAN – susceptible). Using the phenotypic results, the bulked segregant analysis was performed and two DNA bulks were obtained from homozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible plants, respectively. Out of the 600 random RAPD primers analyzed, three were identified as polymorphic fragments related to resistance, between contrasting bulks and parents. Through chi-square test, confirmations were obtained for the monogenic inheritance, with complete dominance segregation for resistance to the pathogen, and the 3:1 segregation of band presence for the markers. The three markers are linked to the resistance locus, in repulsion phase, at 5.1, 6.3 and 14.7 cM from it, in the linkage group G, which was confirmed by using the microsatellite marker Satt288. These makers are promising in assisted selection for Asian soybean rust resistance.Os objetivos deste trabalho foram confirmar a herança da resistência da PI 459025 (Rpp4) à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja e identificar marcadores moleculares do tipo RAPD, ligados a este gene de resistência, em populações de soja. Pelo cruzamento dos genitores contrastantes PI 459025 x Coodetec 208 obteve-se uma população, cujas populações das gerações F2 e F2:3 foram artificialmente infectadas e avaliadas quanto à reação ao fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, pelo tipo de lesão (RB – resistente e TAN – suscetível). Com os resultados da avaliação fenotípica, dois "bulks" foram obtidos com DNA de plantas homozigóticas resistentes e suscetíveis, respectivamente, pela análise de "bulks" segregantes. De 600 iniciadores RAPD aleatórios, foram identificados três com fragmentos polimórficos entre os "bulks" e parentais contrastantes quanto à resistência. Pela análise do qui-quadrado, confirmaram-se: a herança monogênica, com dominância completa quanto à resistência ao patógeno, e a segregação 3:1 para a presença de banda dos três marcadores. Os três marcadores são ligados respectivamente a 5,1, 6,3 e 14,7 cM de distância do loco de resistência, em fase de repulsão no grupo de ligação G, o que foi confirmado pela utilização do marcador microssatélite Satt288. Estes marcadores são promissores na seleção assistida para resistência à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja

Técnicas multivariadas na determinação da diversidade genética em gergelim usando marcadores RAPD

The objective of this work was to compare different multivariate techniques in the characterization of 35 sesame genotypes using 769 RAPD makers. Genetic distances were obtained from the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard coefficient, and were evaluated by single linkage, complete linkage and unweighted arithmetic average (UPGMA) agglomerative methods, Tocher optimization method and principal coordinate analysis. The clustering structure was altered by the different methods. Adopting the same genetic distance (0.36) as value of cut, four groups were discriminated in single linkage, 13 in complete linkage and 11 in UPGMA; the Tocher's optimization methods formed four groups. Among the hierarchical clustering methods, UPGMA showed the best adjust for estimated and originals distances (CCC = 0.89). Principal coordinates analyses confirmed the low diversity among genotypes. The highest divergence occurred between Seridó 1 and Arawaca 4 cultivars, and the minor, between VCR-101 and GP-3314 genotypes. The three first principal coordinates responded for 35.13% of the variability, and 18 autovalues were necessary to explain 81% of the genetic variation. UPGMA, Tochers' optimization and the principal coordinates analyses are complementary in the clusters formation.O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes técnicas multivariadas na caracterização de 35 genótipos de gergelim mediante 769 marcadores RAPD. As distâncias genéticas foram obtidas pelo complemento aritmético do coeficiente de Jaccard e agrupadas pelos métodos hierárquicos do vizinho mais próximo, do vizinho mais distante, das médias aritméticas não ponderadas (UPGMA), do método de otimização de Tocher e análises de coordenadas principais. O agrupamento dos genótipos foi alterado em função dos diferentes métodos usados. Adotando-se a mesma distância genética (0,36) como valor de corte, diferenciaram-se quatro grupos no método do vizinho mais próximo, 13 para o vizinho mais distante, 11 no UPGMA e quatro no Tocher. Entre os métodos hierárquicos, o UPGMA apresentou o melhor ajuste das distâncias originais e estimadas (CCC = 0,89). As análises das coordenadas principais confirmaram a baixa diversidade existente entre os genótipos. A maior divergência ocorreu entre as cultivares Seridó 1 e Arawaca 4, e a menor, entre os genótipos VCR-101 e GP-3314. As três primeiras coordenadas principais contabilizaram 35,13% do total da variabilidade, e 18 autovalores foram necessários para explicar 81% da variação genética. Os métodos UPGMA, de otimização de Tocher, e as análises de coordenadas principais são complementares na formação dos grupos

Avaliação de pontas e taxas de aplicação na deposição de calda no milho e em plantas daninhas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes pontas e taxas de pulverização na deposição de calda na cultura do milho e nas plantas daninhas Euphorbia heterophylla e Brachiaria plantaginea, localizadas nas linhas e nas entrelinhas da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (2 pontas de pulverização DG 11002 VS (jato plano e gotas médias) e TXVK08 (jato cônico e gotas muito finas) x 2 taxas de aplicação, 100 e 200 L ha-1) com quatro repetições. As aplicações ocorreram aos 13 dias após a germinação do milho (3 a 5 folhas expandidas), as plantas de E. heterophylla apresentavam de 2 a 4 folhas e as plantas de B. plantaginea de 2 a 3 folhas. Utilizou-se como marcador o corante Azul Brilhante (FD&C-1) na concentração de 3000 ppm. Conclui-se que os maiores depósitos médios nas plantas de milho foram proporcionados pela ponta TXVK08, independente da taxa utilizada e que os depósitos mais uniformes ocorreram quando utilizou-se a taxa de 200 L ha-1. Para as plantas daninhas localizadas na linha da cultura, as pontas de pulverização promoveram depósitos de calda mais uniformes na B. plantaginea do que na E. heterophylla, em ambas as taxas de aplicação. Para a B. plantaginea localizadas na entrelinha da cultura a ponta DG 11002VS foi a que proporcionou depósitos de gotas mais uniformes, sendo que para E. heterophylla a ponta mais eficiente em depositar gotas foi a TXVK08

INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE TYPE AND SPRAY RATES ON CORN AND WEED PLANTS DROP DEPOSITIONS

The objective of this study was to evaluate different nozzles and spray rates on drop deposition in corn (Zea mays), Euphorbia heterophylla and Brachiaria plantaginea, both weeds located at and between crop rows. The experimental design established was complete random blocks with treatments arranged at 2 x 2 factorial scheme (2 nozzles types: DG11002VS flat flan and medium droplets, TXVK08 cone and very fine droplets; and 2 rates: 100 and 200 L ha(-1)) with four replications. The spray applications occurred at 13 days after corn germination (3-5 expanded leaves), when E. heterophylla and B. plantaginea plants had 2-4 and 2-3 leaves, respectively. Solution of Brilliant Blue (FD&C-1) dye at 3,000 ppm was used as spray tracer. It was concluded that the greatest average deposits in corn plants was provided by TXVK08, independently of the spray rates used. The most uniform deposits occurred when the spray rates of 200 L ha(-1) was used. Spray deposits were most uniform in B. plantaginea compared to E. heterophylla when both weds were located at crop row, independently of nozzle or spray rates. However, the DG 11002VS spray nozzle provided the most uniform drop deposition on B. plantaginea located between the rows, while the most efficient deposition over E. heterophylla located between rows was TXVK08

Brotação de mini-tubérculos de sete cultivares de batata em função de concentrações de bissulfureto de carbono

Estudou-se o efeito de concentrações de bissulfureto de carbono sobre a brotação de mini-tubérculos de batata. O ensaio foi instalado no esquema fatorial 5 x 7, onde as variáveis constaram de quatro diferentes doses de bissulfureto de carbono (10; 20; 30 e 40 mg L-1) além do controle e sete cultivares de batata (Bintje, Jaete Bintje, Atlantic, Cupido, Ágata, Monalisa e Mondial). Os tratamentos com bissulfureto de carbono foram aplicados durante um período de 72 horas, após o qual os mini-tubérculos de batata foram colocados em bandejas de isopor para brotação. de forma geral, todas as concentrações de bissulfureto de carbono estimularam a brotação. As cultivares Bintje e Atlantic responderam de forma positiva ao bissulfureto de carbono, onde o aumento da concentração levou ao aumento do número de brotos por tubérculo. As cultivares Ágata e Mondial responderam positivamente à concentração de 10 mg L-1, sendo que o acréscimo nas concentrações pouco interferiu no número de brotos por tubérculo. As cultivares Jaete Bintje e Monalisa só responderam às concentrações de 20 e 30 mg L-1, e na de 40 mg L-1 o bissulfureto de carbono provocou a queima de gemas.Concentrations of carbon bisulfide on sprouting of potato mini tubers was evaluated. The study was set as a factorial experiment. The treatments were composed of four concentrations of carbon bisulfide (10; 20; 30 and 40 mg L-1) besides the control and seven potato cultivars (Bintje, Jaete Bintje, Atlantic, Cupido, Agata, Monalisa and Mondial). The potato mini-tubers were treated with carbon bisulfide during 72 hours in a closed recipient and then allowed to sprout. All concentrations of carbon bisulfide enabled the potato sprouting. Bintje and Atlantic tubers increased sprouting under higher carbon bisulfide concentrations. Tuber sprouting of Agata and Mondial did no respond to carbon bisulfide concentrations over 10 mg L-1. Jaete Bintje and Monalisa presented the best results when 20 and 30 mg L-1 of carbon bisulfide was used

Marcadores RAPD para detecção de resistência à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram confirmar a herança da resistência da PI 459025 (Rpp4) à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja e identificar marcadores moleculares do tipo RAPD, ligados a este gene de resistência, em populações de soja. Pelo cruzamento dos genitores contrastantes PI 459025 x Coodetec 208 obteve-se uma população, cujas populações das gerações F2 e F2:3 foram artificialmente infectadas e avaliadas quanto à reação ao fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, pelo tipo de lesão (RB - resistente e TAN - suscetível). Com os resultados da avaliação fenotípica, dois bulks foram obtidos com DNA de plantas homozigóticas resistentes e suscetíveis, respectivamente, pela análise de bulks segregantes. de 600 iniciadores RAPD aleatórios, foram identificados três com fragmentos polimórficos entre os bulks e parentais contrastantes quanto à resistência. Pela análise do qui-quadrado, confirmaram-se: a herança monogênica, com dominância completa quanto à resistência ao patógeno, e a segregação 3:1 para a presença de banda dos três marcadores. Os três marcadores são ligados respectivamente a 5,1, 6,3 e 14,7 cM de distância do loco de resistência, em fase de repulsão no grupo de ligação G, o que foi confirmado pela utilização do marcador microssatélite Satt288. Estes marcadores são promissores na seleção assistida para resistência à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja.The objectives of this work were to confirm the PI 459025 inheritance of resistance (Rpp4) to Asian soybean rust pathogen and to detect RAPD markers linked to this resistance gene in soybean populations. Through the cross of the distint parental lines PI 459025 x Coodetec 208, a population was obtained, whose F2 and F2:3 generations had their populations artificially infected and evaluated for the reaction to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, by lesion type classification (RB - resistant and TAN - susceptible). Using the phenotypic results, the bulked segregant analysis was performed and two DNA bulks were obtained from homozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible plants, respectively. Out of the 600 random RAPD primers analyzed, three were identified as polymorphic fragments related to resistance, between contrasting bulks and parents. Through chi-square test, confirmations were obtained for the monogenic inheritance, with complete dominance segregation for resistance to the pathogen, and the 3:1 segregation of band presence for the markers. The three markers are linked to the resistance locus, in repulsion phase, at 5.1, 6.3 and 14.7 cM from it, in the linkage group G, which was confirmed by using the microsatellite marker Satt288. These makers are promising in assisted selection for Asian soybean rust resistance

Genetic divergence in sesame based on morphological and agronomic traits

The evaluation of diversity in germplasm collections is important for both plant breeders and germplasmcurators to optimize the use of the variability available. Diversity can be estimated by different genetic markers. The purposeof this study was to estimate the genetic divergence of 30 morphological and agronomic traits in 108 sesame genotypes bymultivariate analysis. The Cole-Rodgers index was used to establish the dissimilarity matrices. The principal componentanalysis identified the traits that contributed most to the divergence and the genotypes were clustered by Tocher’s optimization.Despite the narrow genetic basis, the markers were efficient to characterize the genotypes and identify the most similar groupsor duplicate and divergent genotypes. Greatest variation was found for the traits number of capsules per plant and grain yield