Agricultura de Precisión en Brasil

La adopción de técnicas y tecnologías precisas para el manejo adecuado del agroecosistema puede reducir significativamente el impacto ambiental, debido a un mejor uso del suelo y a la optimización de la aplicación de fertilizantes y agroquímicos. La agricultura de Precisión (AP) es un sistema integrado de gestión de la información y las tecnologías aplicadas a la explotación agrícola, que se basa en los conceptos de la variabilidad del espacio y el tiempo de los rendimientos de los cultivos y de otros condicionantes de la producción pueden convertirse en un ahorro en recursos. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión bibliográfica de la introducción de la agricultura de precisión en Brasil y sus principales contribuciones en el ámbito agrario del país. El análisis llevado a cabo por varios autores sugirió que la adopción del AP en Brasil estaba ocurriendo lentamente y de manera desigual

INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS IN THE PRESENCE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings.The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings

Fruit culture growth in Northeast Brazil and its relationship with work

Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector in the Northeast region of Brazil. Thus, constituting historical series obtained from SIDRA-IBGE. The selected crops were coconut, mango and grape between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however, in mango and grape cultures there was no increase in the area. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut-da-baia crop has a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of schooling of women both at national and regional level, there was a linear growth and higher than that of men, however there was a discrepancy in salary between genders even though women had a higher level of schooling.Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The selected crops were those of coconut, mango and grape, between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however there was no increase in the area for mango and grape crops. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut crop showed a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of education of women, both nationally and regionally, there was a linear growth and higher than those of men. It is concluded that between men and women in the Northeast region, the salary difference was R$ 354.00, even with women with a higher educational level

Influência de épocas de semeadura nos subperíodos e desempenho agronômico de híbridos de canola / Influence of sowing times on subperiods and agronomic performance of canola hybrids

Estudos com épocas de semeadura são importantes ferramentas no processo de adaptação e estabilidade de híbridos de canola. O objetivo em realizar este trabalho foi avaliar os subperíodos: emergência ao início do florescimento (EIF), duração do florescimento (DFL), duração da maturação (DMA) e ciclo, bem como o desempenho agronômico de híbridos de canola em diferentes épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no Paraná entre 07/04/ e 25/10/2018, num delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema de parcelas subdividas. As parcelas foram compostas por seis épocas de semeadura (07 e 22/04, 07 e 22 /05 e 06 e 21/06) e as subparcelas por cinco híbridos de canola (Hyola 50, Hyola 61, Hyola 433, Hyola 571 CL e Hyola 575 CL). Os híbridos Hyola 50 e Hyola 61 apresentaram os maiores subperíodos EIF, DFL, DMA e ciclo. Todavia, atrasar a época de semeadura reduziu os subperíodos de todos os híbridos. A maior produtividade foi obtida com Hyola 50, Hyola 61 e Hyola 433, respectivamente. À medida que atrasou a semeadura, houve redução na massa de mil grãos, produtividade e teor de óleo. Independente do hibrido, o melhor intervalo de semeadura foi entre 07/04 e 22/04 e as melhores respostas agronômicas foram obtidas pelos híbridos Hyola 50, Hyola 61 e Hyola 433.

Capacidade de uso e aptidão agrícola em pequena propriedade no municipio de Mundo Novo/MS / Capacity of use and agricultural aptitude In small property in the municipality of Mundo Novo/MS

 O processo de degradação do solo, acelerado pelas atividades antrópicas, trazem preocupações com a sustentabilidade das atividades agropecuárias. A classificação com base na capacidade de uso e aptidão de solos podem nortear, com base em parâmetros técnicos, os riscos de degradação desses solos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o levantamento do meio físico, classificar as terras de acordo com sua capacidade de uso e aptidão agrícola em uma pequena propriedade no município de Mundo Novo - MS. O estudo foi realizado numa pequena propriedade de 52,60 ha explorada com cultivos intensivos, a partir da execução do levantamento do meio físico, onde foi considerada a fertilidade e a classificação de solos, além de outras características, tais como a declividade, a profundidade efetiva, a textura, a permeabilidade e a existência ou predisposição a ocorrência de processos erosivos. A área de estudo foi desmembrada em regiões, de acordo com as fragilidades e potencialidades, identificadas pela capacidade de uso e aptidão agrícola dos solos da propriedade. Foram observadas três classes de solo, com limitações de fertilidade, de declive, bem como a ocorrência de processos erosivos superficiais e subsuperficiais, em algumas regiões da propriedade. A propriedade foi dividida em seis glebas, com indicações para a adoção conjunta de práticas de manejo químicas e físicas, além da redução na intensidade de cultivo, em 29,60 ha. A realização deste estudo indica que a exploração da propriedade é dependente da adequação da intensidade de exploração, com as respectivas capacidades de uso e aptidão agrícola desses solos, bem como da adoção conjunta de práticas conservacionistas

Chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil with pastures recovered by integration crop-livestock system in Eastern Amazon

ABSTRACT Soil quality can be understood as its capacity to provide several essential services within the ecosystem and has been used to understand the impact of different managements, providing information that proves the benefits and your maintenance of the agroecosystem. To understand the impact of different managements, this study aimed to compare the chemical, physical, and biological soil properties in pasture areas managed with different recovery times in an integrated crop-livestock system about perennial pastures and secondary forest. The following management systems were evaluated: Secondary Forest (SF), Perennial Pasture (PP), pasture recovered to five years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL5), and pasture recovered to eight years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL8). Different soil properties were evaluated, namely: Chemical: pH, H+Al, Al 3+ , P, K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , TOC, SB, CEC, V, and m; Physical: soil bulk density (Bd), total porosity (Tp), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), soil resistance to penetration (Pr), and gravimetric soil water content (GWc); and biological: soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C), basal soil respiration (BSR), metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ), and microbial quotient (qMic). Perennial pasture and ICL8 areas were the ones that most contributed to the increase in nutrients (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + ), TOC and sorption complex. The ICL8 area showed the best results in soil physical variables Ma, Tp, Pr, and GWc were the best results for the ICL8 area. Secondary forest and ICL8 areas presented the best results from SMB-C and qMic. Between periods of pasture recovery through the integration of crops and livestock, the longer the recovery time, the greater its beneficial effects on the different chemical, physical and biological soil properties, overcoming secondary forest and perennial pasture

Carbon, nitrogen, and physical fractions of organic matter in recovered pastures of the Maranhense Amazon

In Maranhão State, Brazil, soils are naturally acidic, nutrient-deficient, and prone to cohesion and erosion. Removing the natural cover to establish pastures causes physical, chemical, and biological changes in the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents and stocks of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and particle-size fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures with different years of recovery, and compare them with a secondary forest in the Legal Amazon. Four treatments were evaluated: secondary forest, perennial pasture, and perennial pastures recovered for five years and eight years, both of the latter through corn + brachiaria intercropping. The contents and stocks of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C, and N from the soil organic matter particle-size fractions, as well as the carbon management indexes (CMI) of the 0.00–0.10, 0.10–0.20, 0.20–0.30, and 0.30–0.40 m layers were evaluated. The perennial pasture environment presented the highest total soil C and N contents; however, when observing the granulometric fractions and CMI, these increases were qualitative in relation to the secondary forest. Pasture recovery over eight years contributed to an improvement of soil quality similar to secondary forest, indicating that an increase in SOM quality, quantity, and recovery time related to increased pasture capacity to accumulate C and N in the soil

Práxica de enfermagem em saúde coletiva: Vivência acadêmica na atenção primária à saúde

Resumo: Objetivou-se descrever as experiências obtidas por meio de ações extensionistas no âmbito da saúde materno-infantil, fundamentada na Teoria de Intervenção Práxica de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva. Trata-se de um relato de experiência realizado em uma unidade básica de saúde da região norte do Ceará. A implementação da teoria tornou viável a compreensão da realidade objetiva formadora daquele território, bem como a elaboração de um planejamento baseado nas subjetividades da população. Tais ações repercutiram diretamente na organização da unidade e proporcionaram a reativação do grupo de puericultura, a construção de conhecimentos por meio dos momentos de promoção e educação em saúde, assim como a contribuição para a formação dos acadêmicos de enfermagem, enquanto futuros profissionais. As experiências obtidas implicam diretamente na ressignificação das abordagens grupais, com destaque para o âmbito materno-infantil, como também estimulam a visão holística e o pensamento crítico por parte dos acadêmicos. Palavras-chave: Saúde Materno-Infantil; Saúde Pública; Teoria de Enfermagem; Universidade; Extensão Comunitária   Nursing Praxical in Collective Health: Academic Experience in Primary Health Care Abstract: The objective was to describe the experiences obtained through extension actions in maternal and child health scope based on the Theory of Praxis Intervention in Public Health Nursing. This paper is an experience report carried out in a primary health unit in the northern region of Ceará (Brazil). The theory implementation made it possible to understand the objective reality that formed that territory, as well as to elaborate a plan based on the population’s subjectivities. Such actions had a direct impact on the organization of the unit. They provided the childcare group reactivation, knowledge building through moments of health promotion and education, and contribution to training nursing students as future professionals. The experiences obtained directly imply the redefinition of group approaches, emphasizing the maternal-child scope and the stimulation of a holistic view and critical thinking by nursing academics. Keywords: University Maternal and Child Health; Public Health; Nursing Theory; Universities; Community-Institutional Relation

Revisão bibliográfica: impactos em áreas nativas da caatinga causadas pelas atividades econômicas e as técnicas de reflorestamento / Bibliographic review: impacts on native areas the caatinga caused by economic activities and reforestation techniques

O desmatamento é um problema ambiental de destaque para países com grandes áreas de florestas tropicais, como o Brasil. Esse processo que começou de forma insignificante e hoje tomou proporções preocupante na medida em que as alterações na vegetação no ar atmosférico na absortividade na refletividade, na permeabilidade do solo e nas águas que compõem a superfície. O Bioma Caatinga apresenta um desmatamento acelerado ocasionado a redução das chuvas, e com isso vem as alterações nos fatores climáticos que poderão alcançar um ponto crítico de irreversibilidade causando empobrecimento da flora e da fauna por causa da exploração e ao consumo de lenha nativa de forma ilegal e insustentável para fins domésticos e industriais. Entretanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os impactos causados pelas atividades econômicas: como o desmatamento de áreas nativas da Caatinga para a produção de lenha e carvão vegetal, bem como identificar as técnicas de reflorestamento. Uma das formas de recuperar as áreas degradadas é através da interferência das atividades humanas utilizando as espécies nativas lenhosas pioneiras que aparecem com mais frequência neste bioma com a Mimosa tenuiflora, o Croton sonderianus, a Caesalpinea bracteosa, a Bauhinia cheilantha e o Combretum leprosum, gerando atividades lucrativas e sustentáveis. As atividades econômicas realizadas no bioma Caatinga tem ocasionado impactos no meio ambiente que comprometem a fauna e a flora e as técnicas de reflorestamento são escassas e ineficientes para atender a economia de forma sustentável, prejudicando o equilíbrio do ecossistema e a perca da biodiversidade para as futuras gerações

INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS IN THE PRESENCE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings.The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings