Hybrid approach of percutaneous coronary intervention followed by minimally invasive valve operations

A subset of patients requiring coronary revascularization and valve operations may benefit from a hybrid approach of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) followed by a minimally invasive valve operation, rather than the standard combined median sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and a valve operation. This study sought to evaluate the outcomes of this approach in a heterogeneous group of patients with concomitant coronary artery and valvular disease. We retrospectively evaluated 222 consecutive patients with coronary artery and valvular heart disease who underwent PCI followed by elective minimally invasive valve operations at our institution between February 2009 and August 2013. A total of 136 men and 86 women were identified. The mean age was 74.6 ± 8.2 years, with 181 (81.5%) undergoing 1-vessel, 27 (12.2%) undergoing 2-vessel, and 14 (6.3%) undergoing 3-vessel PCI. Within a median of 38 days (interquartile range [IQR] 18-65 days), 182 (82%) patients underwent primary and 34 (15.3%) underwent repeated valve operations, which consisted of 185 (83.3%) single-valve and 37 (16.7%) double-valve procedures. Operative mortality occurred in 8 patients (3.6%). At a mean follow-up of 16.2 ± 12 months, 6 patients required PCI, with target-vessel revascularization performed in 4 patients (2.1%). Survival at 1 and 4.5 years was 91.9% and 88.3%, respectively. In a heterogeneous group of patients, a hybrid approach of PCI followed by minimally invasive valve operations in patients undergoing primary or repeated valve operations can be performed with excellent outcomes

Validity of cardiovascular risk prediction models in Latin America and among Hispanics in the United States of America: a systematic review Validez de los modelos de predicción del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en América Latina y en la población hispana en los Estados Unidos de América: una revisión sistemática

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use and validity of prediction models to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Latin America and among Hispanic populations in the United States of America. METHODS: This was a systematic review of three databases: Ovid MEDLINE (1 January 1950-15 April 2010), LILACS (1 January 1988-15 April 2010), and EMBASE (1 January 1988-15 April 2010). MeSH search terms and domains were related to CVD, prediction rules, Latin America (including the Caribbean), and Hispanics in the United States. Database searches were supplemented by correspondence with experts in the field. RESULTS: A total of 1 655 abstracts were identified, of which five cohorts with a total of 13 142 subjects met inclusion criteria. A Mexican cohort showed that the predicted/observed event-rate ratio for coronary heart disease (CHD) according to the Framingham risk score (FRS) was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.26-2.11); incident myocardial infarction, 1.36 (95% CI, 0.90-1.83); and CHD death, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.43-2.00). In Ecuador, a prediction model for CVD and total deaths in hypertensive patients had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.86), while the World Health Organization method had an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.67-0.82). A study predicting mortality risk in people with Chagas' disease had an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72-0.90). Among a United State s cohort that included Hispanics, FRS overestimated CVD risk for Hispanics with an AUC of 0.69. Another study in the United States that assessed FRS factors predicting CVD death among Mexican-Americans had an AUC of 0.78. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence regarding CVD risk prediction rules in Latin America or among Hispanics in the United States is modest at best. It is likely that the FRS overestimates CVD risk in Hispanics when not properly recalibrated.OBJETIVO: Evaluar el uso y la validez de los modelos de predicción para calcular el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en América Latina y en poblaciones hispanas en los Estados Unidos de América. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de tres bases de datos: Ovid MEDLINE (1 de enero de 1950 al 15 de abril del 2010), LILACS (1 de enero de 1988 al 15 de abril del 2010) y Embase (1 de enero de 1988 al 15 de abril del 2010). Los términos de búsqueda MeSH y los dominios se relacionaron con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las reglas de predicción, América Latina (que incluye el Caribe) y los hispanos en los Estados Unidos. Las búsquedas en las bases de datos se complementaron con la opinión de expertos en el tema. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 1 655 resúmenes, de los cuales reunieron los criterios de inclusión cinco cohortes con un total de 13 142 sujetos. En una cohorte mexicana la razón entre las tasas de sucesos previstos y observados para la cardiopatía coronaria según la escala de valoración del riesgo de Framingham (FRS) fue 1,68 (IC de 95%, 1,26-2,11); para el infarto de miocardio nuevo, 1,36 (IC de 95%, 0,90-1,83); y para la muerte por cardiopatía coronaria, 1,21 (IC de 95%, 0,43-2,00). En el Ecuador, un modelo de predicción de defunción por enfermedades cardiovasculares y total en los pacientes hipertensos presentó un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0,79 (IC de 95%, 0,72-0,86), mientras que el método de la Organización Mundial de la Salud mostró un AUC de 0,74 (IC de 95%, 0,67-0,82). Un estudio enfocado a predecir el riesgo de mortalidad en las personas con enfermedad de Chagas reveló un AUC de 0,81 (IC de 95%, 0,72-0,90). En una cohorte de los Estados Unidos que incluía población hispana, la FRS sobrestimó el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares para los hispanos con un AUC de 0,69. Otro estudio realizado en los Estados Unidos en el que se evaluó los factores de la FRS que predecían la muerte debida a enfermedades cardiovasculares en estadounidenses de origen mexicano reveló un AUC de 0,78. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos relacionados con las reglas de predicción del riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares en América Latina o en la población hispana en los Estados Unidos son, en el mejor de los casos, limitados. Es probable que la FRS sobrestime el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares en la población hispana cuando no se la recalibra de manera adecuada

Peripheral Artery Disease and Non-Coronary Atherosclerosis in Hispanics: Another Paradox?

Hispanic Americans (HA) are a significant and increasing segment of the population who must be considered in future health planning. HA, compared to European Americans (EA), have a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease, but higher burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors. It remains unclear if this observation termed the ‘Hispanic Paradox’ also exists for vascular beds outside the heart. We present a review of the literature which suggests that this paradox may also exist for arteries in the extremities and neck