EUROPEAN WINE POLICIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON THE GLOBAL WINE TRADE

This paper follows the evolution of EU wine policies through three main phases that, according to the authors\u2019 point of view, have characterised the EU\u2019s aims and strategies during the years of the reforms. Specifically, the authors focus their analysis on the budget expenditures of each phase (from 1970 to 2015) and the market response in the domestic and international scenario

hydrogen embrittlement in advanced high strength steels and ultra high strength steels a new investigation approach

Abstract In order to reduce CO2 emissions and fuel consumption, and to respect current environmental norms, the reduction of vehicles weight is a primary target of the automotive industry. Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) and Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS), which present excellent mechanical properties, are consequently increasingly used in vehicle manufacturing. The increased strength to mass ratio compensates the higher cost per kg, and AHSS and UHSS are proving to be cost-effective solutions for the body-in-white of mass market products. In particular, aluminized boron steel can be formed in complex shapes with press hardening processes, acquiring high strength without distortion, and increasing protection from crashes. On the other hand, its characteristic martensitic microstructure is sensitive to hydrogen delayed fracture phenomena and, at the same time, the dew point in the furnace can produce hydrogen consequently to the high temperature reaction between water and aluminum. The high temperature also promotes hydrogen diffusion through the metal lattice under the aluminum-silicon coating, thus increasing the diffusible hydrogen content. However, after cooling, the coating acts as a strong barrier preventing the hydrogen from going out of the microstructure. This increases the probability of delayed fracture. As this failure brings to the rejection of the component during production, or, even worse, to the failure in its operation, diffusible hydrogen absorbed in the component needs to be monitored during the production process. For fast and simple measurements of the response to diffusible hydrogen of aluminized boron steel, one of the HELIOS innovative instruments was used, HELIOS II. Unlike the Devanathan cell that is based on a double electrochemical cell, HELIOS II is based on a single cell coupled with a solid-state sensor. The instrument is able to give an immediate measure of diffusible hydrogen content in sheet steels, semi-products or products, avoiding time-consuming specimen palladium coating with a guided procedure that requires virtually zero training. Two examples of diffusible hydrogen analyses are given for Usibor®1500-AS, one before hot stamping/ quenching, and one after hot stamping, suggesting that the increase in the number of dislocations during hot stamping could be the main responsible for the lower apparent diffusivity of hydrogen

PDO AND PGI HARMONIZATION BETWEEN TRADE AND BARRIERS: AN EXAMPLE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION IN PRE-CANDIDATE COUNTRY

he objective of this work is to examine the harmonization mechanism trough the creation process of a new food and wine law in Bosnia and Herzegovina, combining domestic wine regulations and European legislative frameworks. The aim is to understand the genesis of the conflict that hinders the development process and represents a barrier to trade liberalization. This paper analyzes criteria and implications of Europeanization and integration process, focusing on mechanism of assistance to pre-candidate countries. The EU\u2019s model of quality food legislation (PDO and PGI) is taken as example. The adaptation which institutional structures and the arrangement between economic units that governs the way in which these units can cooperate and/or compete, is shown in this present paper

Economics, Governance, and Politics in the Wine Market European Union Developments

Economics, Governance, and Politics in the Wine Market follows developments in European agriculture policies on wine legislation and market trend orientation between political power and market structure, from their inception through recent reforms.This political economic analysis seeks to explain the implementation of wine policies applied to production management in Europe. Gaeta and Corsinovi use The Public Choice model to describe bargaining and trade-off in agriculture wine policy by governments, producers, and critical industrial organizations. They argue that market problems cannot be analyzed without an understanding of the motives and processes behind upstream policy decisions. With the book's theoretical approaches and famous case studies, readers become agricultural wine experts capable of navigating the current complex wine market of the European Union

Public Choice theory as a tool for CMO wine reform analysis

The purpose of this paper is a partial reconstruction the role of agricultural lobbyist and national alliances, determining the effort of re-opening the common market organization of wine (CMO) Reg. 479/2008. The case considered is the liberalization of replanting rights chosen as a tool of Public Choice (P.C) analysis. The paper is divided into three parts. The first is a brief summary of P.C literature and methodological applications. The second a study of the structure, behavior and the relationship of the main actors involved in the policy genesis of the CMO. Third analyzes the effects that lobbyist actions have generated in the case of vineyard liberalization.The methodological approach is the P.C. model derived from Pokrivcak et.al.(2006).This is partially used in this discussion, to explain the general idea and concept of bargaining and trade-offs in wine policy by the mayor actors in a simplified scenario

The European wine policy through producer support estimates: an attempt at analysis

This paper is an attempt to provide an analysis of the European wine policy through the evolution of indicators of support producers dedicated using two of the most well know and used OECD\u2019 indicators: the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and Producer Single Commodity Transfer (PSCT). The works focus on the different between wine and others three agricultural PSCT from 1986 to 2012: common wheat, milk and rice, with the goal of comparing different agricultural PSCT and to highlight the high different support. PSCT calculations do not include much of the EU wine budgetary support (such as distillation measures) considered within the classification of payments based on non-commodity criteria. As a consequence, PSCT value of wine is lower than what one would expect. The reduction is also due to negotiations in the WTO \u2013 Uruguay Round of the GATT, which required a reduction in protection (tariff and non tariff barriers), aimed to eliminate all agricultural policies with a distortive effect on trade flows and export subsidies

The Public Choice theory as a tool for CMO wine analysis

The objective of this work is to reconstruct the role of agricultural lobbyist and the national alliances, in determining the outcome of the process of the latest wine common market (CMO) regulations entered into force on 1st August 2009 (Reg. 479/2008), and how these have changed the Commission\u2019s initial proposals. Four example of public decisions have been discussed: grubbing up vineyards and liberalization of replanting rights; the abolition of market measures (the case of distillation measures); quality policies (designations of origin) and new rules of wine labels. The approach to the models of Public Choice, included for the first time in a specific context such as the wine sector, has served to focus attention on the processes and the interactions between the politicians and the agricultural associations.The most important innovation in this work is the inclusion of different organizational forms of political interests and wine business representation. It covers not only traditional collective action but also individual action and third party representation. This is fundamentally different from the usual focus on collective action in isolation from other organizational form (Coen, 1997)