Modulation instability-induced fading in phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry

Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (?OTDR) is a simple and effective tool allowing the distributed monitoring of vibrations along single-mode fibers. We show in this Letter that modulation instability (MI) can induce a position-dependent signal fading in long-range ?OTDR over conventional optical fibers. This fading leads to a complete masking of the interference signal recorded at certain positions and therefore to a sensitivity loss at these positions. We illustrate this effect both theoretically and experimentally. While this effect is detrimental in the context of distributed vibration analysis using ?OTDR, we also believe that the technique provides a clear and insightful way to evidence the Fermi?Pasta?Ulam recurrence associated with the MI process

Spontaneous pump depolarization in ultralong cavity Raman fiber laser amplifiers

We present an experimental demonstration of polarization-independent performance in a forward and backward-pumped 2nd-order ultralong cavity Raman laser amplifiers with highly polarized pumps. Our findings show that the depolarization of the Stokes component due to gain saturation leads to polarization-insensitive performance in terms of output gain and relative intensity noise in the signal. These results pave the way for the use of individual highly polarized low-RIN semiconductor laser diodes in Raman-amplified optical communications

Measurements On Passive Tunable Optical Filters For DWDM

WFOPC 2002 IEEE/LEOS Workshop on Fibre and Optical Passive Components, University of Glasgow, Scotland, on 5th-6th June 2002.Measurements on a passive optical fibre tunable filter are presented. The device is based on a loop mirror in a ring resonator. The loop mirror allows tuning by changing the coupling coefficient of a coupler. The novel filter structure allows planar optical integration for having higher free spectral ranges. Novel and simple design equations for the filter parameters and the tuning process are reported. There is a good agreement between measurements and theory.Universidad Carlos III de MadridPublicad

Tunable Optical Filters Using Compound Ring Resonators for DWDM

The device is based on a loop mirror in a ring resonator. The loop mirror allows tuning by changing the coupling coefficient of a directional coupler. The loop mirror is implemented using a Sagnac configuration to have the same optical path between the signals to be interfered (copropagating and counterpropagating ones). The filter structure allows optical integration for having higher free-spectral ranges. Simple design equations for the filter parameters and the tuning are reported. Measurements on a passive optical fiber tunable filter are presented. There is a good agreement between measurements and theory.Publicad

Método de calibración para interrogadores de redes de Bragg en fibra óptica

Se ha desarrollado un método de calibración de interrogadores de redes de Bragg en fibra óptica que compara la respuesta del equipo de prueba con un simulador de red de Bragg compuesto por un filtro sintonizable unido a un espejo de fibra óptica. La longitud de onda simulada obtenida se mide con un interferómetro de referencia calibrado en el Instituto de Óptica del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO?CSIC). Este método de calibración ha sido aplicado para calibrar varios tipos de interrogadores de redes de Bragg: estáticos y dinámicos. La incertidumbre en la calibración absoluta de los interrogadores es de ±88 pm, y es debida principalmente a la anchura espectral del filtro que simula la red de Bragg. Sin embrago, en calibraciones relativas la incertidumbre baja a ±3 pm, dominado por la incertidumbre en la calibración del interferómetro de referencia

A Polymer Optical Fiber Fuel Level Sensor: Application to Paramotoring and Powered Paragliding

A low-cost intensity-based polymer optical fiber (POF) sensor for fuel level measurements in paramotoring and powered paragliding is presented, exploiting the advantages of the optical fiber sensing technology. Experimental results demonstrate that the best option can be performed by stripping the fiber at the desired discrete points to measure the fuel level as well as with a gauge-shape fiber bending. The prototype has a good linearity, better than 4% full scale (F.S.), and sensitivity around 0.5 V per bend are obtained. Hysteresis due to residual fluid at the sensing points is found to be less than 9% F.S.This work has been supported by Spanish CICyT project TEC2009-14718-C03-03 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, and by project FACTOTEM-II-CM: S2009/ESP-1781 of Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid.Publicad

Fiber sensors for the high-speed railway environment

Specialty Optical Fibers 2014, Barcelona, Spain, 27–31 July 2014We review some recent work on fiber-optic sensors for the high-speed railway environment. In particular, we show convenient fiber-optic solutions for rail and wheel monitoring, perimeter security and catenary protection in changeover section

Traceable sea water temperature measurements performed by optical fibers

This paper describes a technique to perform traceable temperature measurements of the seawater column andseawater surface, based on optical ¿ber Bragg gratings. The paper explains the di¿erent phases of the work done:design of the optical ¿bers, its optical and thermal calibration and onsite measurements of the seawater tem-perature. In the design of these thermometers, special attention was paid to the involved materials in order toprevent any damage of the ¿bers due to the exposure to such rugged environment.The ¿bers were subjected to optical and thermal calibration, with the aim to get traceable measurements andreliable uncertainty calculation of the seawater temperature. The ¿bers were deployed in the Mediterranean Seaand water temperatures were continuously monitored and compared with the most common used thermometerin this environment, CTD, located in the submarine observatory OBSEA.Postprint (author's final draft

Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer assisted by first-order raman amplification for distributed vibration sensing over >100 km

In this study, the authors present an experimental and theoretical description of the use of first order Raman amplification to improve the performance of a Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (φ OTDR) when used for vibration measurements over very long distances. A special emphasis is given to the noise which is carefully characterized and minimized along the setup. A semiconductor optical amplifier and an optical switch are used to greatly decrease the intra-band coherent noise of the setup and balanced detection is used to minimize the effects of RIN transferred from the Raman pumps. The sensor was able to detect vibrations of up to 250 Hz (close to the limits set by the time of flight of light pulses) with a resolution of 10 m in a range of 125 km. To achieve the above performance, no post-processing was required in the φOTDR signal. The evolution of the φOTDR signal along the fiber is also shown to have a good agreement with the theoretical model.European CommissionMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadComunidad de Madri

Tunable liquid crystal-photonic crystal fiber interferometer

In this work, we present a novel interferometer based on liquid crystal and photonic crystal fiber technology. The objective of this project is the development of a tunable (switchable) modal (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer for optical communications or sensing