Perfil hematológico de niños colombianos de zonas palúdicas y su relación con desnutrición crónica y parásitos intestinales patógenos en Urabá, Colombia, 2012

Introduction: reports on the hematological profile of Colombian children living in malarious areas are scarce in Colombia; in these areas, coexisting pathogenic intestinal parasites and chronic malnutrition. Objective: to determine the hematological profile of children in Urabá Antioqueño and explore its relationship with pathogenic intestinal parasites and chronic malnutrition. Materials and methods: prevalence survey in 1.600 children. Results: chronic malnutrition is at 25%; intestinal parasites in 83%; chronic malnutrition or intestinal parasites in 89%. The average hemoglobin indicates iron deficiency anemia in 100%. Serum retinol is deficient in 71%. The mean ferritin is normal in all. Hemoglobin has significant difference by sex, age, chronic malnutrition and chronic sex strata malnutrition. Anemia has these frequencies: 71% hypochromic microcytic; normochromic microcytic 27%. Conclusions: because pathogenic intestinal parasites and chronic malnutrition alter immune function, it seems fair to conclude that these children must be altered such function and do not know the impact this can have on your current and future health. It is urgent to implement and maintain the recommendations and public health policies that Colombia has signed and which relate to the provision of food aid, vitamin A supplementation and periodic mass deworming. MÉD.UIS. 2015;28(2):195-208.Key words: Anemia. Malnutrition. Intestinal diseases, Parasitic. Vitamin A. Ferritins. C-reactive protein. Child. Colombia.Introducción: los informes sobre perfil hemático de niños residentes en zonas donde coexisten paludismo, parásitos intestinales patógenos y desnutrición crónica son escasos en Colombia y no se conoce ninguno actualizado. Objetivo: conocer el perfil hemático de niños sin malaria del Urabá Antioqueño y explorar su relación con parásitos intestinales patógenos y desnutrición crónica. Materiales y métodos: encuesta prospectiva de prevalencia en 1600 niños. Resultados: desnutrición crónica está en 25%; parásitos intestinales patógenos en 83%; hay desnutrición crónica o parásitos intestinales patógenos en 89%. El promedio de hemoglobina indica anemia ferropénica en 100%. Hay deficiencia de retinol sérico 71%. El promedio de la ferritina es normal en todos. La hemoglobina tiene diferencia significativa según sexo, edad, desnutrición crónica y estratos desnutrición crónica sexo. La anemia tiene estas frecuencias: microcítica hipocrómica 71%; microcítica normocrómica 27%. Conclusiones: debido a que los parásitos intestinales patógenos y la desnutrición crónica alteran la función inmune, parece correcto concluir que estos niños deben tener alterada tal función y no se conocen las repercusiones que esto puede tener en su salud actual y futura. Urge aplicar y mantener las recomendaciones y políticas de salud pública que Colombia ha suscrito y que se refieren al suministro de ayuda alimentaria, de suplementos de vitamina A y desparasitación masiva periódica. MÉD.UIS. 2015;28(2):195-208.Palabras clave: Hemograma. Desnutrición. Parasitosis intestinales. Vitamina A. Ferritinas. Proteína C-reactiva. Niños. Colombia.Hematological profile of Colombian children in malarious areas and its relationship with malnutrition and pathogen intestinal parasites in Urabá, Colombia, 201

Las clasificaciones : Intentos del hombre por ordenar el universo

Una de las actividades que realizamos constantemente de manera mecánica, sin detenernos a pensar sobre ello, es la de clasificar los objetos que nos rodean. Una clasificación se define como el agrupamiento de objetos en clases sobre la base de los atributos que poseen en común y/o sus relaciones. Son numerosas las clasificaciones que manejamos para ordenar nuestro universo familiar, como por ejemplo la guía telefónica, que es un índice en el que los propietarios de teléfonos se hallan ordenados alfabéticamente, lo que nos permite ubicar rápidamente el número de una persona porque es un criterio fácil de aplicar y ampliamente utilizado.Fundación Museo La Plat

Las clasificaciones : Intentos del hombre por ordenar el universo

Una de las actividades que realizamos constantemente de manera mecánica, sin detenernos a pensar sobre ello, es la de clasificar los objetos que nos rodean. Una clasificación se define como el agrupamiento de objetos en clases sobre la base de los atributos que poseen en común y/o sus relaciones. Son numerosas las clasificaciones que manejamos para ordenar nuestro universo familiar, como por ejemplo la guía telefónica, que es un índice en el que los propietarios de teléfonos se hallan ordenados alfabéticamente, lo que nos permite ubicar rápidamente el número de una persona porque es un criterio fácil de aplicar y ampliamente utilizado.Fundación Museo La Plat

Las clasificaciones : Intentos del hombre por ordenar el universo

Una de las actividades que realizamos constantemente de manera mecánica, sin detenernos a pensar sobre ello, es la de clasificar los objetos que nos rodean. Una clasificación se define como el agrupamiento de objetos en clases sobre la base de los atributos que poseen en común y/o sus relaciones. Son numerosas las clasificaciones que manejamos para ordenar nuestro universo familiar, como por ejemplo la guía telefónica, que es un índice en el que los propietarios de teléfonos se hallan ordenados alfabéticamente, lo que nos permite ubicar rápidamente el número de una persona porque es un criterio fácil de aplicar y ampliamente utilizado.Fundación Museo La Plat

Association of the T allele of an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor with Crohn's disease: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in several genes (NOD2, MDR1, SLC22A4) have been associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Identification of the remaining Crohn's susceptibility genes is essential for the development of disease-specific targets for immunotherapy. Using gene expression analysis, we identified a differentially expressed gene on 5q33, the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene, and hypothesized that it is a Crohn's susceptibility gene. The CSF1R gene is involved in monocyte to macrophage differentiation and in innate immunity. METHODS: Patients provided informed consent prior to entry into the study as approved by the Institutional Review Board at LSU Health Sciences Center. We performed forward and reverse sequencing of genomic DNA from 111 unrelated patients with Crohn's disease and 108 controls. We also stained paraffin-embedded, ileal and colonic tissue sections from patients with Crohn's disease and controls with a polyclonal antibody raised against the human CSF1R protein. RESULTS: A single nucleotide polymorphism (A2033T) near a Runx1 binding site in the eleventh intron of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor was identified. The T allele of this single nucleotide polymorphism occurred in 27% of patients with Crohn's disease but in only 13% of controls (X(2 )= 6.74, p < 0.01, odds ratio (O.R.) = 2.49, 1.23 < O.R. < 5.01). Using immunohistochemistry, positive staining with a polyclonal antibody to CSF1R was observed in the superficial epithelium of ileal and colonic tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the colony stimulating factor receptor 1 gene may be a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease

Role of Klotho and AGE/RAGE-Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway on the development of cardiac and renal fibrosis in diabetes

Fibrosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of long-term diabetic complications and contributes to the development of cardiac and renal dysfunction. The aim of this experimental study, performed in a long-term rat model, which resembles type 1 diabetes mellitus, was to investigate the role of soluble Klotho (sKlotho), advanced glycation end products (AGEs)/receptor for AGEs (RAGE), fibrotic Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and pro-fibrotic pathways in kidney and heart. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Glycaemia was maintained by insulin administration for 24 weeks. Serum and urine sKlotho, AGEs, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and biochemical markers were studied. The levels of Klotho, RAGEs, ADAM10, markers of fibrosis (collagen deposition, fibronectin, TGF-β1, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway), hypertrophy of the kidney and/or heart were analysed. At the end of study, diabetic rats showed higher levels of urinary sKlotho, AGEs and sRAGE and lower serum sKlotho compared with controls without differences in the renal Klotho expression. A significant positive correlation was found between urinary sKlotho and AGEs and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR). Fibrosis and RAGE levels were significantly higher in the heart without differences in the kidney of diabetic rats compared to controls. The results also suggest the increase in sKlotho and sRAGE excretion may be due to polyuria in the diabetic rats

Microsatellite analysis supports clonal propagation and reduced divergence of Trypanosoma vivax from asymptomatic to fatally infected livestock in South America compared to West Africa

Background: Mechanical transmission of the major livestock pathogen Trypanosoma vivax by other biting flies than\ud tsetse allows its spread from Africa to the New World. Genetic studies are restricted to a small number of isolates\ud and based on molecular markers that evolve too slowly to resolve the relationships between American and West\ud African populations and, thus, unable us to uncover the recent history of T. vivax in the New World.\ud Methods: T. vivax genetic diversity, population structure and the source of outbreaks was investigated through the\ud microsatellite multiloci (7 loci) genotype (MLGs) analysis in South America (47isolates from Brazil, Venezuela and\ud French Guiana) and West Africa (12 isolates from The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin and Nigeria).\ud Relationships among MLGs were explored using phylogenetic, principal component and STRUCTURE analyses.\ud Results: Although closely phylogenetically related, for the first time, genetic differences were detected between\ud T. vivax isolates from South America (11 genotypes/47 isolates) and West Africa (12 genotypes/12 isolates) with no\ud MLGs in common. Diversity was far greater across West Africa than in South America, where genotypes from Brazil\ud (MLG1-6), Venezuela (MLG7-10) and French Guiana (MLG11) shared similar but not identical allele composition. No\ud MLG was exclusive to asymptomatic (endemic areas) or sick (outbreaks in non-endemic areas) animals, but only\ud MLGs1, 2 and 3 were responsible for severe haematological and neurological disorders.\ud Conclusions: Our results revealed closely related genotypes of T. vivax in Brazil and Venezuela, regardless of\ud endemicity and clinical conditions of the infected livestock. The MLGs analysis from T. vivax across SA and WA\ud support clonal propagation, and is consistent with the hypothesis that the SA populations examined here derived\ud from common ancestors recently introduced from West Africa. The molecular markers defined here are valuable to\ud assess the genetic diversity, to track the source and dispersion of outbreaks, and to explore the epidemiological\ud and pathological significance of T. vivax genotypes.This work was funded through projects within the PROAFRICA and PROSUL programs from the Brazilian agency CNPq. We are grateful to Professor Erney P. Camargo for the joint coordination of these projects and helpful commentaries on the manuscript. HAG was funded by a CDCH-UCV studentship from Venezuela; ACR is a postdoctoral fellow of PNPD-CAPES and CMFR is recipient of PhD scholarships from CNPq-PROTAX. The authors would like to acknowledge for clinical and epidemiological information, blood samples of T. vivax infected livestock and valuable help in the fieldwork several colleagues Garcia et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:210 Page 11 of 13\ud http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/210 from African countries, Venezuela and Brazil (Galiza GF, Da Silva A and Cadioli L\ud also for previous joint studies). We are grateful to The Wellcome Trust for making available sequences from the genome of T. vivax from Sanger Institute. We are deeply in debt to Wendy Gibson (Bristol University, UK) for helpful discussions and suggestions that much improved our manuscript

Study protocol for the multicentre cohorts of Zika virus infection in pregnant women, infants, and acute clinical cases in Latin America and the Caribbean: The ZIKAlliance consortium

Background: The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were selected over a wide geographic range within Latin America and the Caribbean, taking into account the dynamic course of the ZIKV epidemic. Methods: Recruitment to the PW cohort will take place in antenatal care clinics. PW will be enrolled regardless of symptoms and followed over the course of pregnancy, approximately every 4 weeks. PW will be revisited at delivery (or after miscarriage/abortion) to assess birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities according to the evolving definition of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). After birth, children will be followed for 2 years in the CH cohort. Follow-up visits are scheduled at ages 1-3, 4-6, 12, and 24 months to assess neurocognitive and developmental milestones. In addition, a NH cohort for the characterization of symptomatic rash/fever illness was designed, including follow-up to capture persisting health problems. Blood, urine, and other biological materials will be collected, and tested for ZIKV and other relevant arboviral diseases (dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever) using RT-PCR or serological methods. A virtual, decentralized biobank will be created. Reciprocal clinical monitoring has been established between partner sites. Substudies of ZIKV seroprevalence, transmissio