Neuroactive steroids, nociception and neuropathic pain: a flashback to go forward

The present review discusses the potential role of neurosteroids / neuroactive steroids in the regulation of nociceptive and neuropathic pain, and recapitulates the current knowledge on the main mechanisms involved in the reduction of pain, especially those occurring at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, a crucial site for nociceptive processing. We will make special focus on progesterone and its derivative allopregnanolone, which have been shown to exert remarkable actions in order to prevent or reverse the maladaptive changes and pain behaviors that arise after nervous system damage in various experimental neuropathic conditions.Fil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Labombarda, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Susana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; Argentin

Desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas baseadas em esteroides neuroativos e neuroesteroides para o tratamento de neuropatologias experimentais

Los esteroides activos en el sistema nervioso ("neuroactivos") ejercen actividades neuroprotectoras o neurotóxicas, dependiendo de su estructura química, de las concentraciones circulantes o tisulares, del tipo de receptores intervinientes y de los mecanismos de señalización intracelular empleados. Estas propiedades han sido estudiadas en modelos animales de neuropatologías humanas. Bajo condiciones experimentales que remedan el traumatismo de la médula espinal, dolor neuropático, esclerosis múltiple y esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, el tratamiento con progesterona produjo beneficios terapéuticos relacionados con la neuroprotección, re-mielinización e inhibición de la neuroinflamación. Por otra parte, estudios realizados en animales hipertensos demuestran una pronunciada encefalopatía en cuya etiopatogenia interviene la hiperfunción del sistema mineralocorticoide, ya que similares anormalidades neuroquímicas aparecen en animales normales tratados con mineralocorticoides. Por consiguiente, la neurotoxicidad podría ser consecuencia de la hi-peractividad del sistema mineralocorticoide. La encefalopatía de la hipertensión es similar a la de la diabetes mellitus y a la del cerebro añoso. En los tres casos, los estrógenos actúan como agentes neuroprotectores, promoviendo la neurogéne-sis hipocampal, la expresión de factores neurotróficos y disminuyendo la astrogliosis, confirmándose la plasticidad del sistema nervioso al estímulo estrogénico. Por consiguiente, el empleo de esteroides neuroactivos en modelos animales hace factible la transferencia a corto plazo de los resultados experimentales a la clínica humana.Steroids showing activity on the nervous system are known as "neuroactive steroids". They exert neuroprotective or neu-rotoxic activities, depending on their chemical structure, circulating or tissue concentrations, binding to different receptors and the mechanisms of intracellular signalling employed. In order to elucidate these properties, work was performed on animal models of human neuropathologies, including spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, and amy-otrophic lateral sclerosis. In these models, treatment with progesterone has shown great therapeutic effectiveness. In another set of studies, it was shown that hypertensive animals bear a pronounced encephalopathy, possibly caused by an overdrive of the mineralocorticoid system. It has been suggested that overdrive of the mineralocorticoid system plays a neurotoxic role, based on the development of similar brain abnormalities following mineralocorticoid treatment of otherwise normal animals. Hypertensive encephalopathy is similar to that developed by diabetes mellitus and aging animals. In the three cases, estrogen treatment provided strong neuroprotection, as shown by enhanced hippocampal neu-rogenesis, increased neurotrophic factor expression and decreased astrogliosis. Thus, the use of estrogens supports the regenerative capacity and plasticity of the nervous system. Therefore, animal models become useful tools to transfer experimental data to the human patient in the short-term.Os esteroides ativos no sistema nervoso ("neuroativos") exercem atividades neuroprotetoras ou neurotóxicas, de-pendendo de sua estrutura química, das concentrações circulantes ou tissulares, do tipo de receptores intervenientes e dos mecanismos de sinalização intracelular utilizados. Estas propriedades têm sido estudadas em modelos animais de neuropatologias humanas. Sob condições experimentais que remedam o traumatismo da medula espinal, dor neuro-pática, esclerose múltipla e esclerose lateral amiotrófica, o tratamento com progesterona produziu benefícios terapêu-ticos relacionados com a neuroproteção, remielinização e ini-bição da neuroinflamação. Por outra parte, estudos realizados em animais hipertensos demonstram uma pronunciada encefalopatia em cuja etiopatogenia intervém a hiperfunção do sistema mineralocorticoide, visto que similares anormalidades neuroquímicas aparecem em animais normais tratados com mineralocorticoides. Por conseguinte, a neuroto-xicidade poderia ser consequência da hiperatividade do sistema mineralocorticoide. A encefalopatia da hipertensão é similar à da diabetes mellitus e à do cérebro idoso. Nos três casos, os estrogênios atuam como agentes neuroprotetores, promovendo a neurogênese hipocampal, a expressão de fa-tores neurotróficos e diminuindo a astrogliose, confirmando-se a plasticidade do sistema nervoso ao estímulo estrogênico. Por conseguinte, o emprego de esteroides neuroativos em modelos animais torna fatível a transferência em curto prazo dos resultados experimentais para a clínica humana.Fil: de Nicola, Alejandro Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Beauquis, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Garay, Laura Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Deniselle, Maria Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Susana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Labombarda, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Pietranera, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Saravia, Flavia Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Meyer, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Gargiulo Monachelli, Gisella Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Brocca, María Elvira. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Overveld, Lydia Van . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Lima, Analia Ethel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Roig, Paulina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentin

Immunomodulatory oligonucleotide IMT504: effects on mesenchymal stem cells as a first-in-class immunoprotective/immunoregenerative therapy

The immune responses of humans and animals to insults (i.e., infections, traumas, tumoral transformation and radiation) are based on an intricate network of cells and chemical messengers. Abnormally high inflammation immediately after insult or abnormally prolonged pro-inflammatory stimuli bringing about chronic inflammation can lead to life-threatening or severely debilitating diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplant has proved to be an effective therapy in preclinical studies which evaluated a vast diversity of inflammatory conditions. MSCs lead to resolution of inflammation, preparation for regeneration and actual regeneration, and then ultimate return to normal baseline or homeostasis. However, in clinical trials of transplanted MSCs, the expectations of great medical benefit have not yet been fulfilled. As a practical alternative to MSC transplant, a synthetic drug with the capacity to boost endogenous MSC expansion and/or activation may also be effective. Regarding this, IMT504, the prototype of a major class of immunomodulatory oligonucleotides, induces in vivo expansion of MSCs, resulting in a marked improvement in preclinical models of neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, diabetes and sepsis. IMT504 is easily manufactured and has an excellent preclinical safety record. In the small number of patients studied thus far, IMT504 has been well-tolerated, even at very high dosage. Further clinical investigation is necessary to demonstrate the utility of IMT504 for resolution of inflammation and regeneration in a broad array of human diseases that would likely benefit from an immunoprotective/immunoregenerative therapy.Fil: Zorzopulos, Jorge. Immunotech; ArgentinaFil: Opal, Steven M.. Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island; Estados Unidos. Alpert Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Hernando Insúa, Andrés. Fundación Pablo Cassara; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Juan M.. Fundación Pablo Cassara; ArgentinaFil: Elías, Fernanda. Fundación Pablo Cassara; ArgentinaFil: Fló, Juan. Immunotech; ArgentinaFil: López, Ricardo A.. Imunotech; ArgentinaFil: Chasseing, Norma Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lux, Victoria Adela R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Franco, Raul. Imunotech; ArgentinaFil: Montaner, Alejandro D. Fundación Pablo Cassara; ArgentinaFil: Horn, David L. David Horn Llc; Estados Unido

Progesterone receptor-mediated actions and the treatment of central nervous system disorders: An up-date of the known and the challenge of the unknown

Progesterone has been shown to exert a wide range of remarkable protective actions in experimental models of central nervous system injury or disease. However, the intimate mechanisms involved in each of these beneficial effects are not fully depicted. In this review, we intend to give the readers a thorough revision on what is known about the participation of diverse receptors and signaling pathways in progesterone-mediated neuroprotective, pro-myelinating and anti-inflammatory outcomes, as well as point out to novel regulatory mechanisms that could open new perspectives in steroid-based therapies.Fil: Gonzalez, Susana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Raggio, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Labombarda, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Progesterone administration reduces the number of hypertrophic microglia/macrophages and modulates the expression profile of M1/M2 markers and inflammasome components after acute experimental spinal cord injury

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of central nervous system pathologies, including spinal cord injury (SCI). In particular, the acute activation of macrophages and resident microglia are critically implicated in the detrimental long-standing consequences of spinal trauma, such as the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain [5]. Indeed, the fine-tuning of microglia/macrophage polarization from classically-activated (M1, inflammatory) towards alternatively-activated (M2, anti-inflammatory) states represents an active research focus of restorative strategies in a wide range of experimental nervous system trauma, including SCI [1], and may offer a therapeutic opportunity to prevent the risk of developing pain later. We have previously shown that progesterone, a neuroactive steroid, exhibits neuroprotective and pro-myelinating actions in experimental spinal lesions [3, 6] and could stand as a promising repositioning molecule for timely targeting the harmful aspects of acute inflammation [2, 4], while preserving anti-inflammatory and pro-reparative features.Fil: Raggio, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universite de Strasbourg. Unite de Recherche.; Francia. Inserm; FranciaFil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Ferreyra, Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Labombarda, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Susana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana. Cátedra de Química Biologica; ArgentinaVirtual International Meeting Steroids and Nervous SystemTorinoItaliaUniversità degli Studi di Milano StataleUniversità degli Studi di Torin

Selective migration and engraftment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve constriction

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) preferentially migrate to the injured hemisphere when administered intravenously to rats with traumatic or ischemic brain injuries. In this study, we have investigated the localization of MSCs injected into the lumbar-4 dorsal root ganglion (L4-DRG) of rats with a sciatic nerve single ligature nerve constriction (SLNC). MSCs were isolated by their adherence to plastic, cultured until confluence and labelled with Hoechst. Animals with a unilateral injection of MSCs were subjected to an ipsilateral, bilateral or contralateral SLNC. After 9 days, they were perfused and the lumbar DRGs were dissected out, cut in a cryostat and observed with a fluorescence microscope. Large numbers of Hoechst-positive cells were observed in the injected L4-DRG, distributed around primary afferent neurons, resembling the anatomical localization of glial cells. In animals with an ipsilateral SLNC, some cells were detected in the ipsilateral L3, L5 or L6-DRGs but not in the contralateral ganglia. In animals with a bilateral lesion, MSCs migrated to both the ipsilateral and contralateral DRGs whereas in animals with a contralateral ligature, MSCs migrated to the contralateral DRGs. These results suggest that MSCs preferentially engraft in DRGs hosting primary sensory neurons affected by a lesion of their peripheral branches. Further studies should be carried out in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in this migration and homing, in order to evaluate the possible use of MSCs as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of peripheral nerve neuropathies.Fil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Universidad Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Musolino, Patricia Leonor. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Villar, Marcelo José. Universidad Austral; Argentin

Neuropathic pain and temporal expression of preprodynorphin, protein kinase C and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits after spinal cord injury

Central neuropathic pain is refractory to conventional treatment and thus remains a therapeutic challenge. In this work, we used a well-recognized model of central neuropathic pain to evaluate time-dependent expression of preprodynorphin (ppD), protein kinase C gamma (PKCgamma) and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B, all critical players in nociceptive processing at the spinal level. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to spinal hemisection at T13 level and sham-operated rats were included as control animals. The development of hindpaw mechanical allodynia was assessed using the von Frey filaments test. Real time RT-PCR was employed to determine the relative mRNA levels of NMDAR subunits, ppD and PKCgamma in the dorsal spinal cord 1, 14 and 28 days after injury. Our results show that, coincident with the allodynic phase after injury, there was a strong up-regulation of the mRNAs coding for ppD, PKCgamma and NMDAR subunits in the dorsal spinal cord caudal to the injury site. The present study provides further evidence that these molecules are involved in the development/maintenance of central neuropathic pain and thus could be the target of therapeutic approaches.Fil: Labombarda, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; ArgentinaFil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Villar, Marcelo Jose. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: de Nicola, Alejandro Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Susana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; Argentin

Nitric oxide production in rat dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord after sciatic nerve lesion

Recent studies have analyzed the role of nitric oxide (NO) in pain modulation in several models of sciatic nerve injury. In the present study we have investigated NO production in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) over time after sciatic nerve cut. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-like immunoreactivity (LI) was also determined, since the expression and activity of the enzyme do not always correlate. Nerve section induced a progressive increase in NO production in the ipsilateral L4-5 DRGs and the corresponding levels in the SC in a pattern that correlated with nNOS-LI; this increase was gradual after 7 days of survival time, more pronounced after 14 days, with the highest values detected 28 days after axotomy. This peak was followed by a progressive decrease, reaching control values 42 days after the lesion. The present study shows that nNOS upregulation is related to an increased NO production and release. The temporal pattern of NO production parallels the one observed for the expression of the enzyme, suggesting that the induction of nNOS synthesis yields a protein that is functional and highly active.Fil: Coronel, Maria Florencia. Universidad Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Defagot, Maria C.. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Musolino, Patricia L.. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Villar, Marcelo Jose. Universidad Austral; Argentin