Female language theory in the age of Goethe: Three case studies

By the close of the German Romantic Movement there existed a well-entrenched corpus of sophisticated reflections on language by the German male writing fraternity. Overlooked hitherto is the contribution of intellectual women authors to the philosophy of language discourse. This article draws on the (mainly) confessional writings of Sophie Mereau, Rahel Varnhagen, and Bettine von Arnim in order to provide persuasive evidence of a weibliches Sprachdenken' that moves beyond mainstream theorizing and seeks to challenge phallocentric language constructs by (re)claiming an 'authentic' language capable of incorporating the range of women's experience

Development, characterization and dissolution behavior of calcium-aluminoborate glass wasteforms to immobilize rare-earth oxides

Calcium-aluminoborate (CAB) glasses were developed to sequester new waste compositions made of several rare-earth oxides generated from the pyrochemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Several important wasteform properties such as waste loading, processability and chemical durability were evaluated. The maximum waste loading of the CAB compositions was determined to be ~56.8 wt%. Viscosity and the electrical conductivity of the CAB melt at 1300 °C were 7.817 Pa·s and 0.4603 S/cm, respectively, which satisfies the conditions for commercial cold-crucible induction melting (CCIM) process. Addition of rare-earth oxides to CAB glasses resulted in dramatic decreases in the elemental releases of B and Ca in aqueous dissolution experiments. Normalized elemental releases from product consistency standard chemical durability test were <3.62·10-5 g·m-2for Nd, 0.009 g·m-2for Al, 0.067 g·m-2for B and 0.073 g·m-2for Ca (at 90, after 7 days, for SA/V = 2000m-1); all meet European and US regulation limits. After 20 d of dissolution, a hydrated alteration layer of ~ 200-nm-thick, Ca-depleted and Nd-rich, was formed at the surface of CAB glasses with 20 mol% Nd2O3whereas boehmite [AlO(OH)] secondary crystalline phases were formed in pure CAB glass that contained no Nd2O3

Reactive spark plasma synthesis of CaZrTi2O7 zirconolite ceramics for plutonium disposition

Near single phase zirconolite ceramics, prototypically CaZrTi 2 O 7 , were fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering (RSPS), from commercially available CaTiO 3 , ZrO 2 and TiO 2 reagents, after processing at 1200 °C for only 1 h. Ceramics were of theoretical density and formed with a controlled mean grain size of 1.9 ± 0.6 μm. The reducing conditions of RSPS afforded the presence of paramagnetic Ti 3+ , as demonstrated by EPR spectroscopy. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential for RSPS to be a disruptive technology for disposition of surplus separated plutonium stockpiles in ceramic wasteforms, given its inherent advantage of near net shape products and rapid throughput

The formation of pitted features on the international simple glass during dynamic experiments at alkaline pH

The forward rate of dissolution of the International Simple Glass (ISG) was determined under alkaline conditions at 40 °C using the Single Pass Flow Through (SPFT) method. Forward rates were consistent with those obtained in the literature for this glass composition. The formation of altered gel layers and surface pits was observed on the surface of glass particles, especially at the very highest pH values, despite the application of high flow rates to prevent the build-up of solubility limiting phases. These features could be attributed to preferential localized dissolution at sites with a higher alkali concentration or from a separate, less durable, vitreous phase. These results may indicate that surface pit and altered gel formation occurs under the forward rate of dissolution as imposed by the SPFT method, particularly for simplified borosilicate glass materials

Investigation of the role of Mg and Ca in the structure and durability of aluminoborosilicate glass

The structure and dissolution behaviour of Na 2 O·CaO·(15–x)Al 2 O 3 ·xB 2 O 3 ·SiO 2 and Na 2 O·MgO·(15–x)Al 2 O 3 ·xB 2 O 3 ·SiO 2 glasses, relevant to compositions of UK nuclear waste glass, have been investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and static dissolution experiments using the PCT protocol. Structural data from 11 B, 27 Al and 29 Si NMR analyses show that increasing the [B 2 O 3 ]/([Al 2 O 3 ] + [B 2 O 3 ]) ratio of the alkali-alkaline-earth aluminoborosilicate glasses led to an overall decrease in the proportion of non-silicate tetrahedral species ( IV Al + IV B) and a decrease in Si–O–X bonds (X[dbnd]B, Al). The Mg-containing glasses exhibited lower IV B fractions than their Ca-containing counterparts, which is thought to be due to the presence of IV Mg tetrahedra in the network. The measured corrosion rates were similar for both Ca and Mg-containing glasses although unexpectedly some Ca-containing glasses exhibited higher corrosion losses than the Mg-containing ones for time periods up to 112 d. However, there was evidence of a greater tendency to rate resumption in the Mg containing than the Ca containing ones. Alteration products were found to contain Ca, Si and Al with the Ca containing glasses and Ca, Mg, Si and Al with the Mg containing glasses; Na was not detected in the alteration products although its presence cannot be ruled out based on the data obtained

Mineralogy of sulfides

Metal sulphides are the most important group of ore minerals. As shown in this brief introduction, much is known about their compositions, crystal structures, phase relations and paragenesis. Much less is known about their surface chemistry and, in particular, about their biogeochemistry, and about the formation and behaviour of ‘nanoparticle’ sulphides, whether formed abiotically or biogenically. These are large and complex topics which can only be touched upon in this article which also serves to direct readers to more comprehensive accounts