Multiplication of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from cocoa cultivated soils

La multiplicación de esporas de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) es una limitante para las aplicaciones agrícolas como biofertilizantes. En el presente estudio se realizó la multiplicación masiva de HMA procedentes de fincas de cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) en la región de San Martín, Perú, para optimizar su manejo y producción de esporas en condiciones ambientales controladas.Se diseñó un experimento en condiciones de invernadero, con undiseño completamente al azar, considerando tres fuentes de inoculo de HMA obtenidas en las provincias de Mariscal Cáceres, Lamas y Rioja,en dos periodos de tiempo (110 y 220 días) y dos cultivos hospedantes (maízy arroz). Este material fue mezclado con un volumen de arena y tres de tierra agrícola,que fueron colocadas en cajones; transcurrido elperiodo de tiempo se evaluóla población de esporas, colonización micorrícica, altura de la planta hospedante y peso seco de la parte aérea y de la raíz. La multiplicación de HMA a los 220 días, procedente de Mariscal Cáceres usando arrozcomo planta hospedante, demostró ser la más adecuada para la multiplicación delosHMA. El arroz actuó como un huésped adecuado y pudo multiplicar un mayor número de esporas.Se concluye queesta combinación puedeser utilizadacomo una metodología de propagación masiva de HMA debido a su gran capacidad para reproducirse.The multiplication of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores is a limitation for agricultural applications as biofertilizers. In the present study, a massive multiplication of AMF from cocoa farms (Theobroma cacao L.) in the San Martín region, Peru, was carried out to optimize their handling and spore production under controlled environmental conditions. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design, considering three sources of AMF inoculum obtained in the provinces of Mariscal Cáceres, Lamas and Rioja, in two periods (110 and 220 days) and two host crops (maize and rice). This material was mixed with one volume of sand and three volumes of agricultural soil, which were placed in crates. At the end of the periods, the population of spores, mycorrhizal colonization, height of the host plant, and the dry weight of the aerial part and root were evaluated. Rice acts as a suitable host and multiplies a greater number of AMF spores. The treatment based on the mycorrhizal inoculum from Mariscal Cáceres multiplied with rice plants at 220 days, presented the highest population of spores. Therefore, it could be used as a methodology for massive propagation of AMF due to its great reproduction capacity.Fil: Vallejos Torres, Geomar. Universidad Nacional de San Martín Tarapoto; Perú. Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae; PerúFil: Tenorio Cercado, Miguel A.. Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae; PerúFil: Gaona Jimenez, Nery. Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae; PerúFil: Corazon Guivin, Mike A.. Universidad Nacional de San Martín Tarapoto; PerúFil: Luna, Javier Ormeño. Universidad Nacional de San Martín Tarapoto; PerúFil: Paredes, Christopher I.. Universidad Nacional de San Martín Tarapoto; PerúFil: Saavedra, Jorge. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas Unaaa; PerúFil: Tuesta, Juan C.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas Unaaa; PerúFil: Tuesta, Oscar A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas Unaaa; PerúFil: Alguacil, M. M.. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Becerra, Alejandra Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Marín, César Alberto Aníbal. Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago; Chil

DNA fingerprinting of water yam (Dioscorea alata) cultivars in Brazil based on microsatellite markers Diversidade genética de cultivares de inhame (Dioscorea alata) no Brasil utilizando microssatélites

This study aimed to fingerprint 36 water yam (Dioscorea alata) accessions using microsatellite markers. Ten accessions were collected in local markets from several municipalities in Brazil, eight were obtained from the 'Instituto Agronômico de Campinas' (IAC) germplasm collection and eighteen were collected directly from growers from São Paulo state. A total of nine microsatellite loci were used in the analysis. Loci revealed high polymorphism verified by elevated PIC values (0.57-0.77), and by high gene diversity and Shannon-Wiener indices (0.69 and 1.29 on average, respectively). The accessions were classified into two groups based on clustering analysis. One group contained mostly accessions from the IAC collection, including a commercial cultivar acquired in a market in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso state. The second group was composed of most accessions, including those collected directly from growers and markets in São Paulo, a few accessions from the IAC collection, and an accession from Puerto Rico, named 'Florida', which is the most cultivated in Brazil. Several duplicates were identified in this study, including accessions obtained from two farmers in Mogi Guaçu and Mogi Mirim, São Paulo state. However, some of these accessions were allocated in different sub-groups, within this second group. Results suggested the hypothesis of different origins for accessions currently cultivated in Brazil. Similar accessions obtained from different municipalities revealed the commercialization of the same accessions at different locations.<br>Este estudo teve como objetivo a análise genética de 36 acessos de inhame (Dioscorea alata) utilizando marcadores microssatélites. Dez acessos foram coletados em mercados locais de vários municípios no Brasil, oito foram obtidos no banco de germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), e dezoito foram coletados diretamente com os agricultores no estado de São Paulo. Um total de nove locos de microssatélites foram utilizados para amplificação. Alto polimorfismo foi encontrado entre os locos, verificado pelos valores de PIC elevados (0,57-0,77) e altos índices de heterogosidade esperada e Shannon-Wiener (0,69 e 1,29 em média, respectivamente). Os acessos foram classificados em dois grupos pela análise de agrupamento. O primeiro grupo consiste principalmente de acessos obtidos da coleção do IAC, incluindo um acesso comercial obtido num mercado na cidade de Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso. O segundo grupo classificou os acessos coletados diretamente dos agricultores, incluindo um importante acesso proveniente de Porto Rico, denominado 'Florida', a cultivar mais plantada no Brasil. Este grupo incluiu também os acessos obtidos em mercados de vários municípios do estado de São Paulo, além de outros acessos da coleção do IAC. Várias duplicatas foram identificadas neste estudo, incluindo acessos obtidos junto aos dois agricultores de Mogi Guaçu e Mogi Mirim, em São Paulo. Entretanto, parte desses acessos foi alocada em diferentes sub-grupos, dentro do segundo grupo. Os resultados sugerem a hipótese de diferentes origens para os acessos atualmente comercializados e cultivados no Brasil. Acessos similares obtidos de diferentes municípios mostrou a comercialização dos mesmos em locais diferentes

Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 5

Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C lilacinoarmillatus from India, Cur-vularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Aperies, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera,Veliidae) from Brazil, L termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea.Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru,Russulaphloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flaccidu-varum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp klotzschianus from Pakistan.The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D calidophi-la on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica 'variegata' from India; Maras-miellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M tenuispinosa, and M xan-tholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula fromT\irkey, Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina fromTurkey Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpbl, tefl sequences revealed that P immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magna-porthales) Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes.Pezizales)

Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa

The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the Outline of Fungi website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, 'to promote a more stable taxonomy in Fusarium given the divergences over its generic delimitation', or 'are there too many genera in the Boletales?' and even more importantly, 'what should be done with the tremendously diverse 'dark fungal taxa?' There are undeniable differences in mycologists' perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms of others' work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines. </div

Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa

International audienc