The Story of Gout

It had long been suspected that gout might be a disease of varying origins, but it has only been during the present century that primary or acquired gout and hereditary gout have been clearly defined and differentiated. A considerable number of secondary types are now recognised. Several are of iatrogenic nature, whereas others result from disorders of the blood, the bone marrow and the metabolism, as well as from associated specific defects such as those in the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome of children. Increasing knowledge of gout\u27s chemical secrets, however, is resulting in improved treatment, and we can now assert that gout is perhaps the disease of which we have the most detailed specific understanding and the most effective control. With cooperation from the sufferer and a mild dietary regime, we can now prevent any damage which has already occurred from progressing and, thus, avoid recurrent or progressive deterioration. In almost every case we can now terminate the occurrence of the painful acute attacks by use of modern chemotherapy

Body composition changes in an endurance athlete using two different training strategies

Swimming, running and cycling are among the most popular and fastest growing sports in the world. Inherent in these sports is a desire to favourably alter body composition. Here we report a ~5.4kg and ~5.3kg fat tissue mass (FTM) loss in two separate interventions (12 – 16 weeks), in the same athlete, separated by 5 years. Whole body composition was assessed using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary analysis for intervention 2 was completed using Mc Cance and Widdowson’s composition of foods. In 2010, the male athlete (23 yrs, 85kg, 195cm, 18.1% body fat (BF)) had a reduction of ~5.4kg of FTM (15.4kg vs. 10.0kg) and an increase of ~5.1kg of lean tissue mass (LTM) following 16 weeks of moderate intensity running (213 (53) min/week) and circuit training (64 (46) min/week). In 2015, the same athlete (28 yrs, 90.6kg, 195cm; 18.2%) had a ~5.3kg loss of FTM and a ~0.8kg increase in LTM after 12 weeks, predominately (75%) non-weight bearing exercise (49% Cycling, 215 (88) min/week; 25% Running 110 (47) min/week; 19% Swimming, 83 (27) min/week; 7% Rowing Machine, 29 (26) min/week). Weekday and weekend dietary intake during intervention 2 were estimated as 2,560 kcal and 3,240 kcal per day respectively. This report provides support for the hypothesis that an extended period of energy deficit is required to reduce body fat levels in amateur athletes independent of the mode of exercise

Total Lipids, Lipid Classes, and Fatty Acids of Newly Settled Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus): Comparison of hatchery-cultured and wild crabs

Little is known about the nutrition or lipid metabolism of cold-water crabs, particularly in the North Pacific. We undertook a 2-part study to understand more completely the energetics and nutritional requirements of juvenile red king crab (RKC; Paralithodes canusehaticus). First, we investigated changes in proximate composition, total lipids (TLs), lipid classes, and fatty acids (FAs) throughout a molt cycle (C4-C5). Trends in lipid parameters were described by a 3-pari, piecewise linear regression with 3 distinct stages: (I) a postmolt phase (similar to 0-7 days), (2) an intramolt stage (similar to 7-24 days), and (3) a premolt stage (similar to 24-33 days). Significant intramolt differences in TLs indicated that caution should be taken when comparing crabs of unknown molt stage in future aquaculture and ecological experiments. However, little variability was found in the proportional FA composition of crabs, indicating that the intramolt stage has little effect on the interpretation of FA biomarkers. During a second investigation, we examined differences in lipid classes and FAs from cultured and wild RKC. We found significantly higher proportions of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 20:4n-6 (AA) in wild crabs compared with cultured animals at the same stage. Furthermore, higher proportions of bacterial markers and lower proportions of zooplankton FA markers were found in wild than in hatchery-reared crabs. Here, we provide the first baseline data for future dietary studies on juvenile cold-water crabs. We suggest that an initial EFA ratio for DHA:EPA:AA of 5:8:1 could be used as a starting point for controlled dietary studies on the effect of EFAs on juvenile growth, molt success, and survival.Keywords: Lipids, Nutrition, Red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, Fatty acids, Mol