20 research outputs found
Dynamics of tachyonic preheating after hybrid inflation
We study the instability of a scalar field at the end of hybrid inflation,
using both analytical techniques and numerical simulations. We improve previous
studies by taking the inflaton field fully into account, and show that the
range of unstable modes depends sensitively on the velocity of the inflaton
field, and thereby on the Hubble rate, at the end of inflation. If topological
defects are formed, their number density is determined by the shortest unstable
wavelength. Finally, we show that the oscillations of the inflaton field
amplify the inhomogeneities in the energy density, leading to local symmetry
restoration and faster thermalization. We believe this explains why tachyonic
preheating is so effective in transferring energy away from the inflaton zero
mode.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, REVTeX. Minor changes, some references added.
To appear in PR
Topological Defects from First Order Gauge Theory Phase Transitions
We investigate the mechanism by which topological defects form in first order
phase transitions with a charged order parameter. We show how thick
superconductor vortices and heavy cosmic strings form by trapping of magnetic
flux. In an external magnetic field, intermediate objects such as strips and
membranes of magnetic flux and chains of single winding defects are produced.
At non-zero temperature, a variety of spontaneous defects of different winding
numbers arise. In cosmology, our results mean that the magnetic flux thermal
fluctuations get trapped in a primordial multi-tension string network. The
mechanism may also apply to the production of cosmic-like strings in brane
collisions. In a thin type-I superconductor film, flux strips are found to be
meta-stable while thick vortices are stable up to some critical value of the
winding number which increases with the thickness of the film. In addition, a
non-dissipative Josephson-like current is obtained across the strips of
quantized magnetic flux.Comment: Corrections made on sections 4,5. Higher quality figures in published
versio
Cusps on cosmic superstrings with junctions
The existence of cusps on non-periodic strings ending on D-branes is
demonstrated and the conditions, for which such cusps are generic, are derived.
The dynamics of F-, D-string and FD-string junctions are investigated. It is
shown that pairs of FD-string junctions, such as would form after
intercommutations of F- and D-strings, generically contain cusps. This new
feature of cosmic superstrings opens up the possibility of extra channels of
energy loss from a string network. The phenomenology of cusps on such cosmic
superstring networks is compared to that of cusps formed on networks of their
field theory analogues, the standard cosmic strings.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figure
Estimation of vortex density after superconducting film quench
This paper addresses the problem of vortex formation during a rapid quench in
a superconducting film. It builds on previous work showing that in a local
gauge theory there are two distinct mechanisms of defect formation, based on
fluctuations of the scalar and gauge fields, respectively. We show how vortex
formation in a thin film differs from the fully two-dimensional case, on which
most theoretical studies have focused. We discuss ways of testing theoretical
predictions in superconductor experiments and analyse the results of recent
experiments in this light.Comment: 7 pages, no figure
Numerical experiments with p F- and q D-strings: the formation of (p,q) bound states
We investigate the behaviour of (p,q) string networks, focusing on two
aspects: (1) modelling more realistic (p,q) string networks than the Z_N
networks used so far and (2) investigating the effect of long-range
interactions on the evolution of the network. We model the network with no
long-range interactions using two sets of fields, complex scalars coupled to
gauge fields, with a potential chosen such that the two types of strings will
form bound states. This way we can model junctions of 3 strings with different
tension; in Z_N models used so far in simulations all the strings have
identical tensions. In order to introduce long-range interactions we also study
a network in which one of the scalars forms global strings. We observe that in
the absence of long-range interactions the formation of bound states has a
significant influence on the evolution of the network. When long-range
interactions are turned on the bound states are short-lived and have a minimal
effect on the network evolution.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, JCAP styl
Dynamics of F/D networks: the role of bound states
We study, via numerical experiments, the role of bound states in the
evolution of cosmic superstring networks, being composed by p F-strings, q
D-strings and (p,q) bound states. We find robust evidence for scaling of all
three components of the network, independently of initial conditions. The
novelty of our numerical approach consists of having control over the initial
abundance of bound states. This indeed allows us to identify the effect of
bound states on the evolution of the network. Our studies also clearly show the
existence of an additional energy loss mechanism, resulting to a lower overall
string network energy, and thus scaling of the network. This new mechanism
consists of the formation of bound states with an increasing length.Comment: 8 pages, 13 figure
Formation of topological defects in gauge field theories
When a symmetry gets spontaneously broken in a phase transition, topological
defects are typically formed. The theoretical picture of how this happens in a
breakdown of a global symmetry, the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, is well established
and has been tested in various condensed matter experiments. However, from the
viewpoint of particle physics and cosmology, gauge field theories are more
relevant than global theories. In recent years, there have been significant
advances in the theory of defect formation in gauge field theories, which make
precise predictions possible, and in experimental techniques that can be used
to test these predictions in superconductor experiments. This opens up the
possibility of carrying out relatively simple and controlled experiments, in
which the non-equilibrium phase transition dynamics of gauge field theories can
be studied. This will have a significant impact on our understanding of phase
transitions in the early universe and in heavy ion collider experiments. In
this paper, I review the current status of the theory and the experiments in
which it can be tested.Comment: Review article, 43 pages, 7 figures. Minor changes, some references
added. Final version to appear in IJMP
Cosmic Strings and Superstrings
Cosmic strings are predicted by many field-theory models, and may have been
formed at a symmetry-breaking transition early in the history of the universe,
such as that associated with grand unification. They could have important
cosmological effects. Scenarios suggested by fundamental string theory or
M-theory, in particular the popular idea of brane inflation, also strongly
suggest the appearance of similar structures. Here we review the reasons for
postulating the existence of cosmic strings or superstrings, the various
possible ways in which they might be detected observationally, and the special
features that might discriminate between ordinary cosmic strings and
superstrings.Comment: Minor errors corrected and some references added, 34 pages, 6 figure
Symmetry Breaking and False Vacuum Decay after Hybrid Inflation
We discuss the onset of symmetry breaking from the false vacuum in generic
scenarios in which the mass squared of the symmetry breaking (Higgs) field
depends linearly with time, as it occurs, via the evolution of the inflaton, in
models of hybrid inflation. We show that the Higgs fluctuations evolve from
quantum to classical during the initial stages. This justifies the subsequent
use of real-time lattice simulations to describe the fully non-perturbative and
non-linear process of symmetry breaking. The early distribution of the Higgs
field is that of a smooth classical gaussian random field, and consists of
lumps whose shape and distribution is well understood analytically. The lumps
grow with time and develop into ``bubbles'' which eventually collide among
themselves, thus populating the high momentum modes, in their way towards
thermalization at the true vacuum. With the help of some approximations we are
able to provide a quasi-analytic understanding of this process.Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures, LaTeX, uses revtex. Version to be published in
Phys. Rev. with minor change