Suplementação de zinco para matrizes suínas em gestação

Evidências científicas que relacionem o Zinco (Zn) aos processos envolvidos na gestação ainda são escassas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis suplementares de Zn, ofertados ao final da gestação de fêmeas suínas. Os dados deste estudo são coletados rotineiramente na granja e foram obtidos de um grupo de animais alojados na mesma unidade, mas que recebiam dietas diferentes no final da gestação (dos 95 dias de gestação até a transferência para a maternidade). O óxido de Zn (ZnO) foi utilizado como fonte suplementar e as dietas consistiam em: 1) controle (CON), dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja, com 250 ppm de Zn; 2) intermediário (INT), CON + 202 ppm de Zn suplementar (total: 452 ppm de Zn); 3) alto (ALT), dieta controle + 605 ppm de Zn suplementar (total: 855 ppm de Zn). As fêmeas (n = 164) foram avaliadas do final da gestação até o 7o dia pós-parto e suas progênies (n = 2.620) do nascimento até o 7o dia de vida. As estatísticas descritivas e gráficas foram obtidas através do software Minitab (v 19, Minitab Inc., State College, PA) e os dados foram analisados usando o procedimento PROC GLIMMIX do SAS (v 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). A suplementação de Zn ao final da gestação não influenciou (P > 0.05) o número de nascidos totais, vivos, natimortos e mumificados. Porém, leitões nascidos de fêmeas cujas dietas eram suplementadas com Zn ao final da gestação apresentaram maior (P 0.05) pela suplementação. Em conclusão, níveis suplementares de Zn nas dietas de fêmeas suínas ao final da gestação, apresentam efeito positivo no desempenho da progênie ao nascimento e na primeira semana de vida.Scientific evidence relating Zinc (Zn) to the processes involved in gestation is still scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different supplementary levels of Zn, offered at the end of gestation to sows. Data from this study are routinely collected on the farm and were obtained from a group of animals housed in the same unit, but receiving different diets at the end of gestation (from 95 day-gestation to the transfer to maternity facilities). Zn oxide (ZnO) was used as a supplementary source and the diets consisted of 1) control (CON), corn and soybean meal-based diet, with 250 ppm of Zn; 2) intermediate (INT), CON + 202 ppm supplemental Zn (total: 452 ppm Zn); 3) high (HIG), control diet + 605 ppm supplemental Zn (total: 855 ppm Zn). Females (n = 164) were evaluated from the end of gestation to the 7th postpartum day and their progenies (n = 2,620) from birth to the 7th day of life. Descriptive and graphical statistics were obtained using Minitab software (v 19, Minitab Inc., State College, PA) and data were analyzed using the SAS PROC GLIMMIX procedure (v 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Zn supplementation at the end of gestation did not influence (P > 0.05) the number of total, live, stillborn, and mummified births. However, piglets born to sows whose diets were supplemented with Zn at the end of gestation had higher (P 0.05) by supplementation. In conclusion, supplementary levels of Zn in the diets of sows at the end of gestation have a positive effect on the performance of the progeny at birth and in the first week of life

Effect of live Eimeria vaccination or salinomycin on growth and immune status in broiler chickens receiving in-feed inclusion of gelatin and vitamin E

This experiment determined if 2% of gelatin, to improve the levels of proline and glycine in the diet, and 70 mg/kg of vitamin E supplementation would relieve the impaired performance of male Cobb broilers vaccinated for coccidiosis. Half of the chicks were vaccinated via water (live oocysts), while the other half received medication (salinomycin) in the feed until 35 d of age. The effects of coccidiosis vaccine on performance and mRNA levels of genes involved in mucin synthesis, cytokines, trefoil family factor-2 (TFF2), and metabolic processes (CD36) in the jejunum of broilers were measured. Vaccination negatively affected performance in the first 21 d; however, the inclusion of gelatin and vitamin E reduced this negative response. Additionally, supplementation with these nutrients led to an improvement in broilers receiving the coccidiostat (P < 0.05). From 21 to 35 d, birds treated with gelatin and coccidiosis vaccine experienced better body weight gain than birds without gelatin and vitamin E (P < 0.05). Vaccinated chickens had decreased body weight and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. Fur- thermore, they had increased inflammatory cytokine expression, mucin 2 expression, and TFF2 compared to salinomycin-fed broilers (P < 0.05). Transcripts for IL- 1B, IFN-y, MUC2, TFF2 were decreased while mRNAs for IL-4 and IL-10 increased in salinomycin-fed broilers compared to vaccinated broilers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis increase their pro-inflammatory immune status and mucin expression compared to broilers receiving salinomycin. These events may contribute to lower performance in vaccinated broiler chicks. Moreover, vitamin E and gelatin can minimize the vaccine’s negative immune effects and promote better performance

The Omicron Lineages BA.1 and BA.2 (<i>Betacoronavirus</i> SARS-CoV-2) Have Repeatedly Entered Brazil through a Single Dispersal Hub

Brazil currently ranks second in absolute deaths by COVID-19, even though most of its population has completed the vaccination protocol. With the introduction of Omicron in late 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases soared once again in the country. We investigated in this work how lineages BA.1 and BA.2 entered and spread in the country by sequencing 2173 new SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between October 2021 and April 2022 and analyzing them in addition to more than 18,000 publicly available sequences with phylodynamic methods. We registered that Omicron was present in Brazil as early as 16 November 2021 and by January 2022 was already more than 99% of samples. More importantly, we detected that Omicron has been mostly imported through the state of São Paulo, which in turn dispersed the lineages to other states and regions of Brazil. This knowledge can be used to implement more efficient non-pharmaceutical interventions against the introduction of new SARS-CoV variants focused on surveillance of airports and ground transportation