Genetic Diversity of 64 Turmeric Accessions from Indonesia Based on P450-Based Analogue (PBA) Marker

Kunyit merupakan tanaman penghasil rimpang yang memiliki banyak kegunaan, baik untuk konsumsi, industri obat, maupun pewarna. Pengembangan varietas unggul kunyit di Indonesia saat ini perlu didukung oleh adanya informasi keragaman genetik. Saat ini informasi mengenai keragaman genetik tanaman kunyit di Indonesia masih belum tersedia. Salah satu cara untuk memperoleh informasi keragaman genetik adalah dengan menggunakan marka molekuler yang mampu memberikan hasil yang akurat dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan. Marka PBA sebagai marka fungsional mampu mendeteksi gen P450 yang berkaitan dengan pembentukan metabolit sekunder pada area genom yang luas sehingga dapat dijadikan alternatif marka untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman genetik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi keragaman genetik 64 aksesi tanaman kunyit menggunakan delapan pasang primer P450-Based Analogue (PBA). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Padjadjaran dari Juni 2019 hingga Januari 2020. Sebanyak 133 pita terdeteksi dengan rentang jumlah masing-masing alel 8 – 45 pita, dan rata-rata per alel 22,3 pita. Hasil analisis PIC menunjukkan adanya enam pasang primer PBA yang menunjukkan polimorfisme tinggi pada rentang 0,90 – 0,98 sehingga marka PBA dikategorikan sangat informatif. Analisis klaster membagi 64 aksesi kunyit ke dalam dua klaster utama berdasarkan tingkat kemiripan pada rentang 0,01 hingga 0,83. Aksesi CL-GTL01 yang berasal dari Gorontalo memiliki kemiripan yang rendah yaitu 0,01 terhadap 64 aksesi lainnya, sedangkan aksesi CL-NTB01 dan CL-PPB04 memiliki tingkat kemiripan yang tinggi pada jarak 0,83. Berdasarkan nilai PIC, jumlah pita polimorfik, dan jarak genetik, kunyit asal Indonesia memiliki keragaman yang luas berdasarkan marka PBA. Turmeric is a rhizome producing plant with many utilization such as for consumption, medicine, and colorant industries. The development of superior turmeric varieties in Indonesia needs to be supported by genetic diversity information availability. Despite its potential, genetic diversity information of Indonesian turmeric has not been widely observed. A molecular marker is used to address genetic diversity information with the accurate result due to minimum environmental influences. PBA can detect the P450 gene as a functional marker, which is related to the synthesis of secondary metabolites in a wide genome area.  Thus, it can be used as an alternative marker to identify genetic diversity. This research aimed to obtain genetic diversity information of 64 turmeric accessions using eight primer sets of P450-Based Analogue (PBA). The study was conducted in the Central Laboratory of Padjadjaran University from June 2019 to January 2020. Results showed that the full 133 bands were detected with a range of allele number 8 - 45 bands and an average of 22.3 bands per allele. PIC analysis showed six primer sets of PBA had high polymorphisms ranged from 0.90 to 0.98, hence categorized PBA as a highly informative marker. Cluster analysis divided 64 turmeric accessions into two main clusters based on a similarity index ranged from 0.01 to 0.83. The accession of CL-GTL01 origins from Gorontalo had a low similarity coefficient of 0.01 to the other 64 accessions cluster. On the other hand, CL-NTB01 dan CL-PPB01 had the highest similarity index of 0.83. Based on the PIC value, the total number of polymorphic bands, and genetic distance, it can be concluded that local Indonesian turmeric had wide diversity based on PBA marker

Geographic Distribution of Soybean Aphid Biotypes in the United States and Canada during 2008–2010

Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a native pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in eastern Asia and was detected on soybeans in North America in 2000. In 2004, the soybean cultivar Dowling was described to be resistant to soybean aphids with the Rag1 gene for resistance. In 2006, a virulent biotype of soybean aphid in Ohio was reported to proliferate on soybeans with the Rag1 gene. The objective was to survey the occurrence of virulent aphid populations on soybean indicator lines across geographies and years. Nine soybean lines were identified on the basis of their degree of aphid resistance and their importance in breeding programs. Naturally occurring soybean aphid populations were collected in 10 states (Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin) and the Canadian province of Ontario. The reproductive capacity of field-collected soybean aphid populations was tested on soybean lines; growth rates were compared in no-choice field cages at each geographic region across 3 yr. The occurrence of soybean aphid biotypes was highly variable from year to year and across environments. The frequency of Biotypes 2, 3, and 4 was 54, 18, and 7%, respectively, from the 28 soybean aphid populations collected across 3 yr and 11 environments. Plant introduction (PI) 567598B, a natural gene pyramid of rag1c and rag4, had lowest frequency of soybean aphid colonization (18%). Several factors may have contributed to the variability, including genetic diversity of soybean aphids, parthenogenicity, abundance of the overwintering host buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), and migratory patterns of soybean aphids across the landscape

Keragaman Fenotipik Bunga Telang Double Petal Asal Indonesia dan Thailand Berdasarkan Morfologi Bunga

AbstrakBunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) merupakan tanaman legum yang bagian bunganya telah banyak dimanfaatkan. Double petal adalah salah satu varian spesies bunga telang yang banyak ditemukan di Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman fenotipik plasma nutfah bunga telang double petal asal Indonesia (Bali, Jawa Barat, dan Jawa Timur) dan Thailand berdasarkan morfologi bunga. Percobaan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga ulangan. Data morfologi dianalisis menggunakan analisis multivariat berupa Analisis Komponen Utama (Principal Component Analysis) dan Analisis Klaster (Cluster Analysis) dengan bantuan program NTSYS 2.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat lima komponen utama yang berpengaruh terhadap keragaman aksesi dengan persentase keragaman kumulatif 88,82%. Karakter tipe bunga, susunan mahkota bunga, keberadaan lunas, tipe benang sari, dan posisi kepala putik memberi pengaruh terbesar terhadap keragaman aksesi. Analisis klaster membagi aksesi-aksesi tersebut menjadi dua klaster dengan koefisien ketidakmiripan 3,01–6,83. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa bunga telang double petal asal Indonesia dan Thailand memiliki keragaman yang luas dan kekerabatan yang jauh; aksesi asal Bali memiliki morfologi bunga dan klaster yang berbeda dengan aksesi asal Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, dan Thailand. Informasi ini akan bermanfaat dalam merencanakan pengelolaan plasma nutfah dan pemuliaan bunga telang double petal. Abstract Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a legumeplant of which flower parts are widely used. One of butterfly pea variant is double petal which commonly found in Southern Asia. This study aimed to evaluate phenotypic diversity of double petal butterfly pea germplasm from Indonesia (Bali, West Java, and East Java) and Thailand based on flower morphology. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Morphology data were subjected to multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis and performed by NTSYS 2.1. The result showed that there were five significant principal components that cumulatively explained 88.82% of variance. Existence of keel, aestivation type, position of stigma, type of stamen, and flower type gave high contributions to the diversity of accessions. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters with dissimilarity coefficient from 3.01–6.83. From the results, it can be concluded that double petal butterfly pea from Indonesia and Thailand have wide diversity and genetic relationship; the accessions from Bali have different flower morphology and cluster compared to the accessions from East Java, West Java, and Thailand. The information will help planning management of the germplasm and breeding double petal butterfly pea

The First Report on the Application of ISSR Markers in Genetic Variance Detection among Butterfly Pea (<i>Clitoria ternatea</i> L.) Accession in North Maluku Province, Indonesia

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a leguminous plant with several potential health benefits. The scientific name is derived from its origin on Ternate Island, North Maluku. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the genetic variability in butterfly pea using Intergenic Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers in North Maluku. Field surveys, collection trips, and habitat studies of butterfly pea plants were conducted on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Morotai Islands. Genetic diversity was analyzed based on molecular data from the ISSR method. The molecular analysis results obtained using PCR-ISSR on 18 accessions showed a low degree of similarity. Among these, 15 accessions from Ternate, Tidore, Morotai, and Halmahera were in group A, while 3 from Ternate, Tidore, and Halmahera were in group B. All accessions exhibited a genetic similarity level of 0.709, indicating significant diversity. The arrangement among accessions on the dendrogram was similar to the phylogenetic tree, showing separation and spread at 0.608–0.924 based on the Jaccard coefficient. The results suggested that C. ternatea probably originated from Ternate, and subsequently spread to Tidore, Halmahera, and Morotai due to its use as a herbal medicine and ornamental plant. This information could be used as the basis for butterfly pea conservation and cultivation activities in Indonesia, specifically in Ternate Island, North Maluku

DAYA HASIL DAN KANDUNGAN ANTOSIANIN GENOTIP UBI JALAR UNGU (PURPLE-FLESHED SWEET POTATO) DI JATINANGOR, JAWA BARAT

Daya hasil adalah kemampuan tanaman untuk memproduksi hasil sesuai dengan potensinya. Ubi jalar ungu mengandung senyawa antosianin yang merupakan senyawa yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai produk karena memberikan efek yang baik untuk kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengestimasi daya hasil dan kandungan antosianin pada 12 genotip ubi jalar ungu. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kali ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap karakter bentuk ubi, warna daging ubi, warna kulit, panjang ubi, diameter ubi, jumlah ubi dan bobot ubi per plot berdasarkan Descriptors for Sweet Potato (Huaman, 1999). Kandungan antosianin dievaluasi dengan metode pH Differential sedangkan variabel warna ekstrak dianalisis berdasarkan nilai L*, a*, b*. Hasil  menunjukkan terdapat keragaman pada bentuk ubi, panjang ubi, diameter ubi, jumlah ubi dan bobot ubi per plot. Bentuk ubi bervariasi yaitu oval memanjang, elips membulat, elips, obovate, berlengkung. 11 genotip ubi jalar ungu memiliki warna daging berpigmen dengan antosianin dan warna kulit yaitu ungu. Hasil analisis LSI menunjukkan PF 4, PF 5, PF 6, PF 7, PF 8, PF 9 dan PF 12 memiliki penampilan lebih baik dari varietas pembanding. Kandungan antosianin tertinggi yaitu PF 12 (84,02 mg/100g). Analisis korelasi menunjukkan antosianin memiliki korelasi positif dengan karakter hasil dan nilai a*

Geographic Distribution of Soybean Aphid Biotypes in the United States and Canada during 2008–2010

Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a native pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in eastern Asia and was detected on soybeans in North America in 2000. In 2004, the soybean cultivar Dowling was described to be resistant to soybean aphids with the Rag1 gene for resistance. In 2006, a virulent biotype of soybean aphid in Ohio was reported to proliferate on soybeans with the Rag1 gene. The objective was to survey the occurrence of virulent aphid populations on soybean indicator lines across geographies and years. Nine soybean lines were identified on the basis of their degree of aphid resistance and their importance in breeding programs. Naturally occurring soybean aphid populations were collected in 10 states (Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin) and the Canadian province of Ontario. The reproductive capacity of field-collected soybean aphid populations was tested on soybean lines; growth rates were compared in no-choice field cages at each geographic region across 3 yr. The occurrence of soybean aphid biotypes was highly variable from year to year and across environments. The frequency of Biotypes 2, 3, and 4 was 54, 18, and 7%, respectively, from the 28 soybean aphid populations collected across 3 yr and 11 environments. Plant introduction (PI) 567598B, a natural gene pyramid of rag1c and rag4, had lowest frequency of soybean aphid colonization (18%). Several factors may have contributed to the variability, including genetic diversity of soybean aphids, parthenogenicity, abundance of the overwintering host buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), and migratory patterns of soybean aphids across the landscape.This article is published as Cooper, Susannah G., Vergel Concibido, Ronald Estes, David Hunt, Guo-Liang Jiang, Christian Krupke, Brian McCornack et al. "Geographic distribution of soybean aphid biotypes in the United States and Canada during 2008–2010." Crop science 55, no. 6 (2015): 2598-2608. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.11.0758. </p