Rendimiento físico, salud ósea y masa magra en extremidades inferiores en niños y niñas futbolistas.

El fútbol parece tener un efecto osteogénico en las zonas de impacto en niños y niñas, quienes tienen una densidad mineral ósea y contenido mineral óseo mayor que niños y niñas que no lo practican. La masa magra en extremidades inferiores y el rendimiento en diferentes pruebas físicas también puede verse influenciado por la práctica del fútbol. La salud ósea es especialmente importante en los niños y niñas ya que se debe intentar maximizar la adquisición del pico de masa ósea, y para ello la práctica de deportes, como el fútbol es fundamental ya en la etapa prepuberal

Efecto de una intervención con videojuegos activos combinados con entrenamiento multicomponente en la condición física de niños y niñas con sobrepeso u obesidad: una propuesta disruptiva

Resumen generalIntroducciónLa obesidad infantil es un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial debido a su alta prevalencia y al impacto negativo que tiene en la salud traducido en un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades respiratorias, cardiovasculares y cardiometabólicas, problemas psicosociales, peor rendimiento académico y el desarrollo de obesidad en la edad adulta. Se produce debido a un exceso de masa grasa consecuencia de un desequilibrio energético en el que la ingesta supera al gasto energético. Este desequilibrio está fomentado por la inactividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios característicos de la sociedad actual, por lo que el ejercicio físico será la mejor estrategia para prevenir y/o tratar la obesidad infantil, concretamente el entrenamiento concurrente combinando ejercicio aeróbico y ejercicio de fuerza. Sin embargo, la baja adherencia a los programas de ejercicio físico por parte de jóvenes con sobrepeso u obesidad limita su potencial o su efecto.Los videojuegos activos (VJA) requieren movimiento corporal y por consiguiente un gasto energético, por lo que pueden suponer una nueva y atractiva estrategia para promover la actividad física y por tanto la salud, aumentando el gasto energético, sustituyendo las conductas sedentarias y favoreciendo la mejora de la condición física. MetodologíaLa presente Tesis Doctoral está compuesta por 5 artículos científicos, compuestos por dos revisiones sistemáticas elaboradas a partir de las indicaciones de la guía PRISMA, y por 3 estudios originales del proyecto ¿Videojuegos activos frente a la obesidad y el sedentarismo en niños y niñas de 9 a 11 años: una propuesta disruptiva¿. La muestra final fue de 66 niños/as con sobrepeso u obesidad, de los cuales 31 tienen mediciones pre-intervención y post-intervención. El estudio longitudinal incluyó a 21 niños/as en el grupo de intervención con VJA y a 8 niños/as en el grupo control. Se evaluó la antropometría y la composición corporal, la condición cardiorrespiratoria y muscular, el nivel de actividad física y el gasto energético durante las sesiones, la habilidad motriz (del grupo intervención con VJA), la madurez sexual, varios parámetros bioquímicos, la presión arterial y la dieta y hábitos nutricionales. El programa de intervención con VJA tuvo una duración de 5 meses, con una frecuencia de 3 sesiones por semana de 60 minutos cada una, y se controló la intensidad a través de la frecuencia cardíaca. El diseño del programa combinó VJA usando 5 dispositivos diferentes (Nintendo Wii®, Xbox Kinect®, esterillas de baile, BKOOL® ciclosimulador y Nintendo Ring Fit Adventures®) con ejercicio multicomponente. El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de una intervención de ejercicio físico con VJA combinados con ejercicio multicomponente para aumentar el gasto energético y mejorar la condición física y habilidad motriz en niños/as prepuberales con sobrepeso u obesidad. ResultadosLa evidencia científica resumida en las revisiones sistemáticas con meta-análisis realizadas muestra efectos positivos de intervenciones con VJA en el peso, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), Z-Score de IMC, el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la masa grasa de la población infantil, sobre todo aquellos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Los resultados son menos claros para la condición cardiorrespiratoria, con mejoras en niños/as con peso saludable, pero sin posibilidad de realizar análisis cuantitativo con la población infantil con sobrepeso u obesidad. La evidencia científica tampoco esclarece los efectos de los VJA en la fuerza muscular ni en la habilidad motriz, y aunque los VJA parecen tener el potencial para mejorar la fuerza y habilidad motriz, no se pudieron realizar análisis cuantitativos. La intervención de ejercicio físico con VJA combinados con ejercicio multicomponente produjo un gasto calórico de entre 4.35 y 5.68 kcal/min y mejoró la composición corporal de los niños/as con una disminución del porcentaje de grasa corporal y del Z-Score del IMC. También mejoró la condición cardiorrespiratoria en intensidades submáximas, disminuyendo significativamente la frecuencia cardíaca y el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) y los porcentajes de VO2 durante las etapas submáximas del test máximo. Además, el grupo de intervención con VJA mostró una mejora significativa en los test de fuerza y en la habilidad motriz, con un aumento significativo de la altura de salto en CMJ y de los kilos de fuerza en la dinamometría manual.ConclusiónLos VJA son efectivos para reducir o controlar el peso, el IMC y la grasa corporal, especialmente en niños/as con sobrepeso u obesidad, y parecen ser potencialmente efectivos para mejorar la condición física y la habilidad motriz. Una intervención de ejercicio físico con VJA combinados con ejercicio multicomponente es efectiva para aumentar el gasto energético y mejorar la condición física y habilidad motriz en niños/as prepuberales con sobrepeso u obesidad. <br /

25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Prepubertal Overweight and Obese Children

Childhood obesity has become a major global health problem. Vitamin D deficiency and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are highly prevalent in children with overweight or obesity, but little is known about their relationships. In this study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters in prepubertal obese and overweight children. A cross-sectional design with a sample of 57 prepubertal children, aged 9–11 years, with overweight or obesity was used. The fasting concentration of 25(OH)D was analyzed with a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Fat and lean body masses were determined by using DXA. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured with the maximal treadmill test. A total of 68.4% of the sample had sufficient levels of 25(OH)D. As expected, their cardiorespiratory fitness was poor compared with that of normal-weight children, but 60% of the group exceeded the median obesity-specific reference values. No differences were found between the sexes for relative VO2max or 25(OH)D levels. Moreover, no correlations were found between 25(OH)D and body composition or cardiorespiratory parameters for sex or vitamin D groups. Vitamin D status seems not to be directly related to body composition or cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubertal overweight or obese children

Effect of an active video game intervention combined with multicomponent exercise for cardiorespiratory fitness in children with overweight and obesity: randomized controlled trial

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity have become major global health problems and are negatively related with the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level in school children and adolescents. Exercise, specifically multicomponent training, is effective for CRF improvement, but the main challenge is to ensure adherence to exercise in children with overweight and obesity. Therefore, new ways of exercising that are more attractive and motivational for this population are needed and playing or training with active video games (AVGs) has been proposed as an effective alternative because they require full-body movement and therefore increase energy expenditure. Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an AVG intervention combined with multicomponent training on CRF at maximal and submaximal intensities in children with overweight or obesity. Methods: We recruited 28 children (13 girls and 15 boys) aged 9 to 11 years with overweight or obesity from medical centers and divided them into 2 groups, an intervention group (n=20) that participated in a 5-month supervised AVG exercise program combined with multicomponent exercise, and a control group (n=8) that continued daily activities without modification. A maximal stress test to measure CRF using a walking-graded protocol with respiratory gas exchange was performed by the participants. Results: The AVG group showed a significant decrease in heart rate and oxygen uptake for the same intensities in the submaximal stages of the maximal treadmill test, as well as a lower oxygen uptake percentage according to the individual maximal oxygen uptake, whereas the control group did not show overall changes. No change in the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was found. Conclusions: A 5-month AVG intervention combined with multicomponent exercise had positive effects on CRF at submaximal intensity, showing a lower heart rate and oxygen uptake at the same intensities and displaying a lower oxygen uptake percentage according to the individual (VO2peak). Greater benefits were found in children with the highest fat percentage.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04418713; https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT0441871

Assessment of active video games' energy expenditure in children with overweight and obesity and differences by gender

(1) Background: Childhood obesity has become a main global health problem and active video games (AVG) could be used to increase energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure during an AVG intervention combined with exercise, differentiating by gender. (2) Methods: A total of 45 children with overweight or obesity (19 girls) performed an AVG intervention combined with exercise. The AVG used were the Xbox Kinect, Nintendo Wii, dance mats, BKOOL cycling simulator, and Nintendo Switch. The energy expenditure was estimated from the heart rate recorded during the sessions and the data from the individual maximal tests. (3) Results: The mean energy expenditure was 315.1 kilocalories in a one-hour session. Participants spent the most energy on BKOOL, followed by Ring Fit Adventures, Dance Mats, Xbox Kinect, and the Nintendo Wii, with significant differences between BKOOL and the Nintendo Wii. Significant differences between boys and girls were found, but were partially due to the difference in weight, VO2max, and fat-free mass. (4) Conclusions: The energy expenditure with AVG combined with multi-component exercise was 5.68 kcal/min in boys and 4.66 kcal/min in girls with overweight and obesity. AVG could be an effective strategy to increase energy expenditure in children and adolescents with overweight and obesit

Envejecimiento activo: Propuesta de salud desde atención primaria. La aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento multicomponente.

El envejecimiento activo optimiza las oportunidades de salud y bienestar. El objetivo es conocer el efecto de una intervención con ejercicio físico en personas mayores. Se incluyeron 18 sujetos intervenidos y 14 sujetos de referencia, mayores de 60 años, del centro médico Perpetuo Socorro y sin problemas limitantes. Se controlaron variables antropométricas, la frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial, la calidad de vida, la capacidad cognitiva, el nivel de actividad física, la condición física, la composición física. En la intervención se realizó un entrenamiento multicomponente incluyendo los componentes de la condición física. Se encontraron mejoras significativas en las variables de condición física y en la composición corporal, además de aumento de la calidad de vida y se consiguió superar la condición física de la media española. En definitiva, parece que el ejercicio físico multicomponente dentro de un trabajo multidisciplinar obtiene beneficios para la salud de las personas mayores, debiéndolo fomentar desde atención primaria

The Effects of Active Video Games on Health-Related Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents with Healthy Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

(1) Background: Poor levels of physical fitness and motor skills are problems for today’s children. Active video games (AVG) could be an attractive strategy to help address them. The aim was to investigate the effects of AVG on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with healthy weight. (2) Methods: Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of AVG programs on health-related physical fitness and motor competence were included. Two different quality assessment tools were used to measure the risk of bias. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria and the variables of interest were body mass index (BMI), body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness and motor competence. (3) Results: AVG interventions seem to have benefits in BMI when lasting longer than 18 weeks (SMD, −0.590; 95% IC, −1.071, −0.108) and in CRF (SMD, 0.438; 95% IC, 0.022, 0.855). AVG seems to be a promising tool to improve muscular fitness and motor competence but the effects are still unclear due to the lack of evidence. (4) Conclusions: AVG seem to be an effective tool for improving some components of health-related physical fitness and motor competence in healthy-weight children and adolescents, but the effect on some fitness components needs further research. Therefore, AVG may be included as a strategy to improve health

Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes:a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare standard laboratory performance metrics of transgender athletes to cisgender athletes.METHODS: 19 cisgender men (CM) (mean±SD, age: 37±9 years), 12 transgender men (TM) (age: 34±7 years), 23 transgender women (TW) (age: 34±10 years) and 21 cisgender women (CW) (age: 30±9 years) underwent a series of standard laboratory performance tests, including body composition, lung function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, strength and lower body power. Haemoglobin concentration in capillary blood and testosterone and oestradiol in serum were also measured.RESULTS: In this cohort of athletes, TW had similar testosterone concentration (TW 0.7±0.5 nmol/L, CW 0.9±0.4 nmol/), higher oestrogen (TW 742.4±801.9 pmol/L, CW 336.0±266.3 pmol/L, p=0.045), higher absolute handgrip strength (TW 40.7±6.8 kg, CW 34.2±3.7 kg, p=0.01), lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s:forced vital capacity ratio (TW 0.83±0.07, CW 0.88±0.04, p=0.04), lower relative jump height (TW 0.7±0.2 cm/kg; CW 1.0±0.2 cm/kg, p&lt;0.001) and lower relative V̇O 2max (TW 45.1±13.3 mL/kg/min/, CW 54.1±6.0 mL/kg/min, p&lt;0.001) compared with CW athletes. TM had similar testosterone concentration (TM 20.5±5.8 nmol/L, CM 24.8±12.3 nmol/L), lower absolute hand grip strength (TM 38.8±7.5 kg, CM 45.7±6.9 kg, p =0.03) and lower absolute V̇O 2max (TM 3635±644 mL/min, CM 4467±641 mL/min p =0.002) than CM. CONCLUSION: While longitudinal transitioning studies of transgender athletes are urgently needed, these results should caution against precautionary bans and sport eligibility exclusions that are not based on sport-specific (or sport-relevant) research.</p

Active Video Games Improve Muscular Fitness and Motor Skills in Children with Overweight or Obesity

(1) Background: Childhood obesity is an important public health problem. Children with overweight or obesity often tend to show the pediatric inactivity triad components; these involve exercise deficit disorder, pediatric dynapenia, and physical illiteracy. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of an active video games (AVG) intervention combined with multicomponent exercise on muscular fitness, physical activity (PA), and motor skills in children with overweight or obesity. (2) Methods: A total of 29 (13 girls) children (10.07 &plusmn; 0.84 years) with overweight or obesity were randomly allocated in the intervention group (AVG group; n = 21) or in the control group (CG; n = 8). The intervention group performed a 5-month AVG training using the Xbox 360&reg; with the Kinect, the Nintendo Wii&reg;, dance mats, and the BKOOL&reg; interactive cycling simulator, combined with multicomponent exercise, performing three sessions per week. The control group continued their daily activities without modification. Weight, PA using accelerometers, and motor competence using the Test of Gross Motor Development 3rd edition were measured. Muscular fitness was evaluated through the Counter Movement Jump height, maximal isometric strength of knee extension and handgrip strength, and lean mass using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Mann&ndash;Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed. The biserial correlation coefficients (r) were calculated. Spearman&rsquo;s correlation coefficients among PA, muscular fitness, and motor competence variables were also calculated. (3) Results: The AVG group significantly increased their knee extension maximal isometric strength (4.22 kg; p &lt; 0.01), handgrip strength (1.93 kg; p &lt; 0.01), and jump height (1.60 cm; p &lt; 0.01), while the control group only increased the knee extension maximal isometric strength (3.15 kg; p &lt; 0.01). The AVG group improved motor competence and light physical activity (p &lt; 0.05) and decreased sedentary time (p &lt; 0.05). Lean mass improved in both AVG group and CG (p &lt; 0.05). Lastly, the percentage of improvement of motor skills positively correlated with the percentage of improvement in vigorous PA (r = 0.673; p = 0.003) and the percentage of improvement in CMJ (r = 0.466; p = 0.039). (4) Conclusions: A 5-month intervention combining AVG with multicomponent training seems to have positive effects on muscle fitness, motor competence, and PA in children with overweight or obesity