Characteristics of non-fatal overdoses and associated risk factors in patients attending a specialist community-based substance misuse service

INTRODUCTION: There are concerns about rising drug-related deaths and the potential contribution of prescription analgesics. There is limited understanding regarding the role of prescription analgesics in non-fatal overdoses (NFODs), nor is there a good understanding of what factors are associated with more severe overdose. OBJECTIVES: To explore risk factors and characteristics of NFODs among people attending a specialist community-based substance misuse service. METHODS: After Caldicott approval, data on NFODs, in people attending the Tayside Substance Misuse Service (TSMS), were extracted from the Scottish Ambulance Service database, along with opioid replacement therapy (ORT) prescribing data. Statistical analysis was performed using R studio and Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: 557 people (78% [434/556] male, mean age ± standard deviation 38.4 ± 7.95) had an NFOD. Repeat NFODs were more likely in males compared to females (p < .0065). Males were more likely to be administered naloxone (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.10–3.40, p < .02). NFODs at home were more likely to be moderate to severe (categorized by Glasgow Comma Scale [p < .02, OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.24–24.38]). Methadone (321/557, 57.63%), benzodiazepines (281/557, 50.45%) and heroin (244/557, 43.81%) were the commonest substances: prescribed methadone overdose was more likely than buprenorphine (p < .00001). Opioids and benzodiazepines were often taken together (275/557, 49.40%), with almost all gabapentinoid NFODs also involving opioids (60/61, 98.40%). CONCLUSIONS: Polysubstance use with opioids prescribed for ORT, such as methadone, is highly likely to be implicated in NFOD, with males being at the highest risk of severe and repeat NFOD. Future work should focus on strategies to further reduce NFODs

Assessing the impact of a national clinical guideline for the management of chronic pain on opioid prescribing rates:a controlled interrupted time series analysis

Background: Opioids can be effective analgesics, but long-term use may be associated with harms. In 2013, the first national, comprehensive, evidence-based pain management guideline was published, from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN 136: Management of Chronic Pain) with key recommendations on analgesic prescribing. This study aimed to examine the potential impact on national opioid prescribing rates in Scotland. Methods: Trends in national and regional community opioid prescribing data for Scotland were analysed from quarter one (Q1) 2005 to Q2 2020. Interrupted time series regression examined the association of SIGN 136 publication with prescribing rates for opioid-containing drugs. Gabapentinoid prescribing was used as a comparison drug. Results: After a positive prescribing trend pre-publication, the timing of SIGN 136 publication was associated with a negative change in the trend of opioid prescribing rates (−2.82 items per 1000 population per quarter [PTPPQ]; P < 0.01). By Q2 2020, the relative reduction in the opioid prescribing rate was −20.67% (95% CI: −23.61, −17.76). This persisted after correcting for gabapentinoid prescribing and was mainly driven by the reduction in weak opioids, whereas strong opioid prescribing rates continued to rise. Gabapentinoid prescribing showed a significant rise in level (8.00 items per 1000 population; P = 0.01) and trend (0.27 items PTPPQ; P = 0.01) following SIGN 136 publication. Conclusions: The publication of SIGN 136 was associated with a reduction in opioid prescribing rates. This suggests that changes in clinical policy through evidence-based national clinical guidelines may affect community opioid prescribing, though this may be partially replaced by gabapentinoids, and other factors may also contribute

What is the association between childhood adversity and subsequent chronic pain in adulthood? A systematic review

Funding: NHS Education for Scotland. KN was academic fellow from 2018 to 2022. SEEM was funded through an academic clinical fellowship from the Scottish Government's Chief Scientist Office (CSO grant number CAF_17_06). DS is a fellow on the Multimorbidity Doctoral Training Programme for Health Professionals, which is supported by the Wellcome Trust [grant number 223499/Z/21/Z].Background Adverse childhood experiences and chronic pain are complex problems affecting millions of people worldwide, and result in significant healthcare utilisation. Our review aimed to determine known associations between adversity in childhood and chronic pain in adulthood. Methods We performed a prospectively registered systematic review (PROSPERO ID: 135625). Six electronic databases (Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, APA PsycNet, Web of Science) were searched from January 1, 2009 until May 30, 2022. Titles and abstracts were screened, and all original research studies examining associations between adverse childhood experiences and chronic pain in adulthood were considered for inclusion. Full texts were reviewed, and a narrative synthesis was used to identify themes from extracted data. Ten percent of studies were dual reviewed to assess inter-rater reliability. Quality assessment of study methodology was undertaken using recognised tools. Results Sixty-eight eligible studies describing 196 130 participants were included. Studies covered 15 different types of childhood adversity and 10 different chronic pain diagnoses. Dual reviewed papers had a Cohen's kappa reliability rating of 0.71. Most studies were of retrospective nature and of good quality. There were consistent associations between adverse childhood experiences and chronic pain in adulthood, with a ‘dose’-dependent relationship. Poor mental health was found to mediate the detrimental connection between adverse childhood experiences and chronic pain. Conclusion A strong association was found between adverse childhood experiences and chronic pain in adulthood. Adverse childhood experiences should be considered in patient assessment, and early intervention to prevent adverse childhood experiences may help reduce the genesis of chronic pain. Further research into assessment and interventions to address adverse childhood experiences is needed.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Cross-sectional study examining the epidemiology of chronic pain in Nepal

Abstract. Introduction:. The World Health Organization recognizes chronic pain as a global public health concern; however, there is a bias towards research conducted in relatively affluent nations. There is a dearth of large-scale epidemiological studies in Nepal using rigorously validated, cross-culturally adapted instruments. Objectives:. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of both chronic pain and chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin and their associations with a range of sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics. Methods:. We conducted a cross-sectional study of adults (≥18 years) in all households in Ranipani, Baluwa Village Development Committee, Nepal. All adults (n = 887) were approached, and those consenting, who met the inclusion criteria (n = 520, 58.6%), participated. Questionnaires validated in Nepali were used to examine several constructs: demographics; chronic pain; neuropathic pain; pain catastrophizing; resilience, pain intensity; pain interference; sleep disturbance; and depression. Results:. The point prevalence of chronic pain was 53.3% (n = 277). The point prevalence of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin was 12.7% (n = 66). Chronic pain was associated with female gender, older age, and manual labour occupations. Using standardized scoring techniques, compared with available population estimates from other countries, those with chronic pain were associated with lower pain intensity and resilience scores and higher pain catastrophizing, pain interference, and depression scores. Conclusion:. These findings are broadly comparable to epidemiological studies from other countries, and these indicate areas for targeting interventions (eg, occupational and mental health). For comparison, more data are needed, from larger population samples in this region

The core minimum dataset for measuring pain outcomes in pain services across Scotland. Developing and testing a brief multi-dimensional questionnaire

BACKGROUND: There is currently no agreed minimum dataset to inform specialist chronic pain service provision. We aimed to develop a Core Minimum Dataset (CMD) for pain services in Scotland and perform preliminary analysis to evaluate its psychometric properties in adults with chronic pain. METHODS: The questionnaire was developed following a review of existing relevant data collection instruments and national consultation. The CMD questionnaire was completed alongside a routine pre-clinic questionnaire by patients attending two pain services over 3 months. Concurrent validity was tested by comparing scores between the CMD and pre-existing questionnaires. Reliability was assessed by test-retest and discriminative validity via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The final CMD questionnaire consisted of five questions on four domains: pain severity (Chronic Pain Grade [CPG] Q1); pain interference (CPG Q5); emotional impact (Patient Health Questionnaire-2 [PHQ-2], two questions); and quality of life (Short Form Health Survey-36 [SF-36] Q1). 530 patients completed the questionnaire. Strong correlation was found with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (r(s) = 0.753, p < 0.001). Moderate correlations were found with the Brief Pain Inventory for pain interference (r(s) = 0.585, p < 0.001) and pain severity (r(s) = 0.644, p < 0.001). Moderate to good reliability was demonstrated (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient = 0.572–0.845). All items indicated good discrimination for relevant health states. CONCLUSIONS: The findings represent initial steps towards developing an accurate questionnaire that is feasible for assessing chronic pain in adults attending specialist pain clinics and measuring service improvements in Scotland. Further validation testing, in clinical settings, is now required