INSEGNAMENTO E APPRENDIMENTO DELLA STORIA IN UNA CLASSE PLURILINGUE E MULTICULTURALE

&nbsp;<p>Apprendere una disciplina non significa esclusivamente assimilarne i contenuti, ma anche parlarne la lingua specifica: si tratta di una questione che la presenza sempre maggiore di studenti non madrelingua nella scuola italiana ha reso solo pi&ugrave; evidente e riproposto in tutta la sua urgenza. Da recenti indagini, tra i linguaggi disciplinari, quello della storia &egrave; risultato essere uno dei pi&ugrave; complessi; a partire quindi da un&rsquo;analisi delle caratteristiche specifiche della lingua della storia (dal lessico alla morfo-sintassi, dall&rsquo;organizzazione testuale alla tipologia dei concetti della disciplina), il presente intervento si propone di individuare le possibili strategie di semplificazione e di facilitazione didattica, evidenziandone anche gli eventuali limiti o risvolti negativi. L&rsquo;articolo si propone quindi di riflettere sulla necessit&agrave; di rinnovare l&rsquo;insegnamento disciplinare, rivedendo programmi e metodologie didattiche, anche al fine di un&rsquo;educazione linguistica globale per l&rsquo;apprendimento delle lingue a scuola.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Teaching and learning history in a multilingual, multicultural class</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Studying a subject does not mean merely assimilating the content, but also using&nbsp; specific language: the ever-increasing presence of non-mothertongue students in Italian schools makes this appear more and more evident and urgent.&nbsp; Recent surveys regarding different disciplines showed that history was among the most complex areas.&nbsp; Starting from an analysis of the specific characteristics of the language of history (from the lexis to the morphosyntax, the organization of the texts to the types of disciplinary concepts), this article singles out the possible ways to simplify and facilitate didactics, also highlighting the limits or negative aspects.</p> <p>The article is a reflection on the necessity to renew the teaching of disciplines, up-dating didactic programs and methods, with the aim of arriving at a global linguistic education for learning languages at school.</p

MOESM1 of Ex-vivo characterization of circulating colon cancer cells distinguished in stem and differentiated subset provides useful biomarker for personalized metastatic risk assessment

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Sensibility, specificity and purity of CTCs detection methodology. The sensitivity of the methodology was calculated through the formula employing mean values (expressed in percentage) for each CTCs subsets identified by the combined expression of CK20 and CD45, found in the total cellular suspension collected from the working density phase. The sensitivity or the capability to detect the real subset of CTCs CK20pos corresponded to 91 %. The specificity, corresponding to the probability of a negative test, was calculated at about 87 %. Finally, the purity was at 75 %. Figure S2. Resolution of CTCs detection methodology. To verify that the collected fraction was enriched in cancer cells, HCT 116 cells were infected with pAdenoVator-CMV-IRES-GFP reporter. Human cancer colon cell lines HCT 116 were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mmol/l L-glutamine, and 30 mg penicillin G/0.05 g streptomycin. Cells were plated at 8 x 106 per well onto a six-well plate 24 hours before infection, and were infected with adenoviral vector. In order to perform infections, HCT 116 cells were incubated with pAdenoVator-CMV5(CuO)-IRES-GFP (Qbiogene, Carlsbad, CA) in serum free medium for 1 hour at 37 °C. Both vectors were used at multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 3000 physical particles/cell, experimentally determined as the lowest m.o.i. at which the majority of the cell population is infected (as assessed by EGFP expression). Twenty-four hours later, both adherent and floating cells were harvested, washed in PBS and counted. Different concentration of HCT 116-GFP (HCT 116*) were put in entire blood sample (5 ml) and were evaluated through cytometric analysis. The resolution for the minimal concentration of HCT 116* (8 x 103 cell/5 ml) put in a volume of peripheral blood sample of 5ml, useful to detect them in the working density phase, was calculated at 5,8 cells/5 ml (B). Figure S3. DTCs in livers of mice treated with localized and advanced cancer eCTCs. Dot Plots report the expression of CK20 antigen on human colon cancer cells disseminated within liver tissue of mouse submitted to xenograft procedure. In particular, dot plot in (A) shows human colon cancer cell CK20 positive founded in liver tissue of mouse injected with eCTCs-CXCR4negCKneg referred as control. Dot plots in (B) and (C) show human cancer colon cells expressing CK20 marker in liver tissues of mouse injected with eCTCs-CXCR4posCKpos derived from localized (B) and advanced (C) colon cancer cases respectively. Figure S4. xenograft developed with circulating stem cells. Xenograft procedure developed injecting eCTCs-CD45negCD133pos organized in spheres (A). In (B) immunofluorescence positive for CD133 (green staining). In (C) Tumour formations produced within 2 weeks and after 80 days. Immunohistochemical analysis shows the distribution of the cancer colon cells expressing CD133 (brown staining) in the tumour sections of 8 μm (D)