Explaining differences in the returns to R&D in Argentina: The role of contextual factors and complementarities

Argentina’s private investment in research and development is well below that of its peers. One important reason may be low and very heterogeneous returns to research and development activities on productivity. This paper uses novel microdata to estimate the returns to research and development and understand the contextual factors that shape their heterogeneity. The paper groups these context-based factors into knowledge complementary factors (that is, factors that affect the returns via learning capabilities from external sources of knowledge) and market complementary factors (factors that act via business capabilities to appropriate the returns to research and development investments). The paper hypothesizes that the effects of contextual factors depend on firms’ management capabilities and attitudes (innovative capacity), which determine firms’ ability to benefit from the context. The findings suggest that the returns are indeed heterogeneous across regions and sectors, and these results depend on some context-based factors, which can boost or depress the returns to R&D. The results have important policy implications, considering the effectiveness of innovation policies, need for adapting to specific regions and sectors, and maximization of the impact of these factors on the returns to research and development.Fil: Arza, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Economia y Negocios. Centro de Investigaciones Para la Transformacion.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cirera, Xavier. Banco Mundial; Estados UnidosFil: Colonna, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Economia y Negocios. Centro de Investigaciones Para la Transformacion.; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Emanuel. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Economia y Negocios. Centro de Investigaciones Para la Transformacion.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Explaining differences in the returns to R&D in Argentina: the role of contextual factors

Argentinean firms’ investments in R&D are well below its regional peers. One potential explanation for this fact is the existence of low and heterogeneous returns for these investments. This paper uses novel microdata to estimate the returns to R&D and analyse the role of contextual factors in shaping its heterogeneity. The findings confirm that returns are indeed heterogeneous and depend on some important factors related to the market context, such as measures of uncertainty; and the knowledge context, such as knowledge spillovers. Acknowledging that heterogeneity of returns depends on firms’ context is crucial for designing innovation policies to boost private R&D returns.Fil: Arza, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Economia y Negocios. Centro de Investigaciones Para la Transformacion.; ArgentinaFil: Cirera, Xavier. The World Bank; Estados UnidosFil: Lopez, Emanuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Economia y Negocios. Centro de Investigaciones Para la Transformacion.; ArgentinaFil: Colonna, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Economia y Negocios. Centro de Investigaciones Para la Transformacion.; Argentin

The STRINGS queries to identify documents related to the SDGs

This document explains the methodology used to create the downloadable search queries to identify documents related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1-16. First, we use text- mining techniques to extract relevant terms from text included in documents that provide descriptions of each SDG (e.g., policy reports, scientific publications and web content). Next, we manually cleaned the extracted terms together with STRINGS team members and other experts. After validating our queries internally, we compare them with other queries to evaluate and improve our approach. These SDG-related terms may be used to label abstracts, keywords and titles of scientific publications related to the SDGs. We recommend using these (and other) queries on clusters of publications (or research areas), rather than single publications

Discrepancia entre igualdad de derechos e igualdad de oportunidades : el rol del ingreso familiar en la educación universitaria argentina

La educación es una herramienta clave para lograr la igualdad de oportunidades y es en el nivel universitario donde se presenta la mayor brecha de acceso entre individuos de distintos ingresos. En Argentina el sistema educativo universitario público es gratuito e irrestricto. En el presente trabajo se analiza cuánto facilita esta política el acceso de las personas con menos recursos. Para ello, se plantea un modelo de utilidad lineal de elección entre universidad pública y privada, dado que ya se ha tomado la decisión de estudiar. Luego, se utiliza un modelo probit para estimar la probabilidad de asistir a cada tipo de universidad. El resultado muestra que el ingreso no es un factor relevante a la hora de tomar la decisión entre una universidad pública o privada, lo cual implica que la política de gratuidad no facilita el acceso a la educación universitaria de individuos de bajos recursos

Future STI priorities: stakeholders’ views on how science, technology and innovation can help achieve the SDGs

• This chapter presents the results of a global survey of stakeholders. • Survey respondents proposed the STI areas and activities that they believe could help to achieve the SDGs by 2030. • Their responses highlighted a range of STI areas, including policy-oriented, social and grassroots innovations, which are often overlooked in the existing STI system. • Several STI areas were identified as potentially having a positive influence on the achievement of multiple SDGs. • The survey results also highlighted that some STI activities may support one particular SDG target at the same time as impeding progress towards another

The STRINGS queries to identify documents related to the SDGs

This document explains the methodology used to create the downloadable search queries to identify documents related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1-16. First, we use text- mining techniques to extract relevant terms from text included in documents that provide descriptions of each SDG (e.g., policy reports, scientific publications and web content). Next, we manually cleaned the extracted terms together with STRINGS team members and other experts. After validating our queries internally, we compare them with other queries to evaluate and improve our approach. These SDG-related terms may be used to label abstracts, keywords and titles of scientific publications related to the SDGs. We recommend using these (and other) queries on clusters of publications (or research areas), rather than single publications

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background: Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods: We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings: 164 563 young people were included in this analysis: 121 328 (73·7%) children, 22 963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20 272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28 205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation: This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group