An Econometric Model of Non-Agricultural Stock Changes. Quarterly Economic Commentary Special Article, December 1977

Macroeconometric models pay particular attention to the equations dealing with the major components of aggregate demand, such as consumption, investment and exports. In the Central Bank's econometric model [l], investment is broken down into three components: residential investment, non-residential investment and stockbuilding. While stockbuilding is a relatively small proportion of aggregate demand, it is a volatile magnitude and has traditionally been accorded an important place in the study of economic fluctuations. This note is devoted to a discussion of the stockbuilding equation. The following sections deal with the models tested, the empirical results and the conclusions. Data, sources and methods are given in the appendix

The CD4+ T cell methylome contributes to a distinct CD4+ T cell transcriptional signature in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle

peer-reviewedWe hypothesised that epigenetic regulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes contributes to a shift toward a dysfunctional T cell phenotype which may impact on their ability to clear mycobacterial infection. Combined RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling and Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing identified 193 significantly differentially expressed genes and 760 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), between CD4+ T cells from M. bovis infected and healthy cattle. 196 DMRs were located within 10 kb of annotated genes, including GATA3 and RORC, both of which encode transcription factors that promote TH2 and TH17 T helper cell subsets respectively. Gene-specific DNA methylation and gene expression levels for the TNFRSF4 and Interferon-γ genes were significantly negatively correlated suggesting a regulatory relationship. Pathway analysis of DMRs identified enrichment of genes involved in the anti-proliferative TGF-β signaling pathway and TGFB1 expression was significantly increased in peripheral blood leukocytes from TB-infected cattle. This first analysis of the bovine CD4+ T cell methylome suggests that DNA methylation directly contributes to a distinct gene expression signature in CD4+ T cells from cattle infected with M. bovis. Specific methylation changes proximal to key inflammatory gene loci may be critical to the emergence of a non-protective CD4+ T cell response during mycobacterial infection in cattle

Interdigitating organic bilayers direct the short interlayer spacing in hybrid organic–inorganic layered vanadium oxide nanostructures

Layered metal oxides provide a single-step route to sheathed superlattices of atomic layers of a variety of inorganic materials, where the interlayer spacing and overall layered structure forms the most critical feature in the nanomaterials’ growth and application in electronics, health, and energy storage. We use a combination of computer simulations and experiments to describe the atomic-scale structure, dynamics and energetics of alkanethiol-intercalated layered vanadium oxide-based nanostructures. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identify the unusual substrate-constrained packing of the alkanethiol surfactant chains along each V2O5 (010) face that combines with extensive interdigitation between chains on opposing faces to maximize three-dimensional packing in the interlayer regions. The findings are supported by high resolution electron microscopy analyses of synthesized alkanethiol-intercalated vanadium oxide nanostructures, and the preference for this new interdigitated model is clarified using a large set of MD simulations. This dependency stresses the importance of organic–inorganic interactions in layered material systems, the control of which is central to technological applications of flexible hybrid nanomaterials

The nature of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer adsorption on sputtered gold substrates

A detailed study of the self-assembly and coverage by 1-nonanethiol of sputtered Au surfaces using molecular resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is presented. The monolayer self-assembles on a smooth Au surface composed predominantly of {111} oriented grains. The domains of the alkanethiol monolayer are observed with sizes typically of 5-25 nm, and multiple molecular domains can exist within one Au grain. STM imaging shows that the (4 × 2) superlattice structure is observed as a (3 × 2√3) structure when imaged under noncontact AFM conditions. The 1-nonanethiol molecules reside in the threefold hollow sites of the Au{111} lattice and aligned along its lattice vectors. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) contains many nonuniformities such as pinholes, domain boundaries, and monatomic depressions which are present in the Au surface prior to SAM adsorption. The detailed observations demonstrate limitations to the application of 1-nonanethiol as a resist in atomic nanolithography experiments to feature sizes of ∼20 nm

Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (ISBAS) monitoring of land covers unfavourable for conventional C-band InSAR: proof-of-concept for peatland environments in North Wales, UK

This paper provides a proof-of-concept for the use of the new Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (ISBAS) approach to study ground elevation changes in areas of peat and organic soils in north Wales, which are generally, unfavourable for conventional C-band interferometric applications. A stack of 53 ERS-1/2 C-band SAR scenes acquired between 1993 and 2000 in descending mode was processed with both the standard low-pass SBAS method and ISBAS. The latter revealed exceptional improvements in the coverage of ground motion solutions with respect to the standard approach. The number of identified coherent and intermittently coherent pixels increased by a factor of 26 with respect to the SBAS solution, and extended the coverage of results across unfavourable land covers, particularly for coniferous woodland, bog, acid grassland and heather. The greatest increase was achieved over coniferous woodland, which showed ISBAS/SBAS pixel density ratios above 300. Despite the intermittent nature of the ISBAS solutions, ISBAS provided velocity standard errors generally below 1-1.5 mm/yr, thus preserving good quality of the estimated ground motion rates

Chitosan gel film bandages: correlating structure, composition, and antimicrobial properties

Chitosan gel films were successfully obtained by evaporation cast from chitosan solutions in aqueous acidic solutions of organic acids (lactic and acetic acid) as gel film bandages, with a range of additives that directly influence film morphology and porosity. We show that the structure and composition of a wide range of 128 thin gel films, is correlated to the antimicrobial properties, their biocompatibility and resistance to biodegradation. Infrared spectroscopy and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to correlate film molecular structure and composition to good antimicrobial properties against 10 of the most prevalent Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Chitosan gel films reduce the number of colonies after 24 h of incubation by factors of ∼105–107 CFU/mL, compared with controls. For each of these films, the structure and preparation condition has a direct relationship to antimicrobial activity and effectiveness. These gel film bandages also show excellent stability against biodegradation with lysozyme under physiological conditions (5% weight loss over a period of 1 month, 2% in the first week), allowing use during the entire healing process. These chitosan thin films and subsequent derivatives hold potential as low-cost, dissolvable bandages, or second skin, with antimicrobial properties that prohibit the most relevant intrahospital bacteria that infest burn injuries

Fidelity enhancement by logical qubit encoding

We demonstrate coherent control of two logical qubits encoded in a decoherence free subspace (DFS) of four dipolar-coupled protons in an NMR quantum information processor. A pseudo-pure fiducial state is created in the DFS, and a unitary logical qubit entangling operator evolves the system to a logical Bell state. The four-spin molecule is partially aligned by a liquid crystal solvent, which introduces strong dipolar couplings among the spins. Although the system Hamiltonian is never fully specified, we demonstrate high fidelity control over the logical degrees of freedom. In fact, the DFS encoding leads to higher fidelity control than is available in the full four-spin Hilbert space.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Subjective Quality of Vision Before and After Cataract Surgery

This article is made available in accordance with the publisher's public repositories policy.Objective To investigate the effect of cataract surgery on subjective quality of vision. Methods The Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire (Italian translation) was completed before and 3 months after cataract surgery in 4 groups of patients recruited from September through December 2010: first eye with ocular comorbidity, first eye without ocular comorbidity, second eye with ocular comorbidity, and second eye without ocular comorbidity. The questionnaire measures 3 aspects of quality of vision: frequency, severity, and bothersome nature of symptoms. The Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III was used for cataract grading. Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were performed to compare QoV scores within and between groups. Spearman rank correlations (rs) were calculated to investigate the correlation between LOCS III and QoV symptoms. Results Two hundred twelve patients (mean [SD] age, 74.2 [8.7] years) were recruited, and 212 eyes were included in the study. Improvements in QoV scores were found in all 4 groups (P .05) differences among the 4 groups in the improvement in QoV scores or in the preoperative or postoperative scores. Blurred vision was correlated with posterior subcapsular cataract (rs = 0.420, P = .04). Conclusions Cataract in one or both eyes causes a similar loss in subjective quality of vision, which is also irrespective of the presence of ocular comorbidity. Posterior subcapsular cataract causes the specific symptom “blurred vision.” Cataract surgery resulted in a large and comparable improvement in subjective quality of vision, regardless of ocular comorbidity and first or second eye surgery

Review article: the effects of antitumour necrosis factor-α on bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of osteoporosis. A number of studies have emerged in recent years indicating that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockade appears to have a beneficial effect on bone mineral density (BMD) in IBD patients. AIMS: To provide a review of the available data regarding the effect of the currently licensed anti-TNF-α therapies on bone metabolism and BMD in IBD patients. METHODS: A Medline search was performed using the search terms \u27infliximab\u27, \u27bone metabolism\u27, \u27IBD\u27, \u27BMD\u27, \u27bone markers\u27, \u27adalimumab\u27, \u27bone disease\u27, \u27Crohn\u27s disease\u27 and \u27ulcerative colitis\u27. RESULTS: Infliximab has a beneficial effect on bone turnover markers in Crohn\u27s disease (CD) patients in the short term. The longest study to date comprising 24 CD patients showed an overall improvement in two bone formation markers - b-alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.022) and osteocalcin (P = 0.008) at 4 months post-treatment. Moreover, the largest study to date comprising 71 CD patients showed significant improvement in sCTx, a bone resorption marker (P = 0.04) at week-8 post-treatment. There is little data looking at the effect of anti-TNF-α therapy on bone metabolism in ulcerative colitis. Moreover, the long-term effects of anti-TNF-α therapy on bone structure and fracture risk in IBD patients are currently not known. The effect of cessation of anti-TNF-α therapy on bone metabolism is also unknown. CONCLUSION: Properly controlled long-term trials are needed to fully evaluate the impact of TNF blockade on bone mineral density

Optical response of nanostructured surfaces: experimental investigation of the composite diffracted evanescent wave model

The past decade has seen a rapidly developing interest in the response of subwavelength-structured surfaces to optical excitation. Many studies have interpreted the optical coupling to the surface in terms of surface plasmon polaritons, but recently another approach involving diffraction of surface evanescent waves, the Composite Diffractive Evanescent Wave (CDEW) model has been proposed. We present here a series of measurements on very simple one-dimensional (1-D) subwavelength structures with the aim of testing key properties of the surface waves predicted by the CDEW model